Diffuse Liver Pathology- Hepatitis

Hepatitis A is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water that has been contaminated with fecal matter. This type of hepatitis is commonly found in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Most patients infected with Hepatitis A recover completely within a period of about 6 weeks.

Hepatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the liver. This inflammation can be acute or chronic and can be caused by various factors such as viruses, chemicals, drugs, alcohol, inherited diseases, or the patient's immune system.

The correct answer is that in Sono findings, the liver will be enlarged and the gallbladder wall will be thickened. This suggests that there may be an underlying condition affecting both organs, such as liver disease or gallbladder inflammation. Enlargement of the liver can be a sign of liver damage or congestion, while thickening of the gallbladder wall can indicate inflammation or the presence of gallstones. Further diagnostic tests may be necessary to determine the exact cause of these findings.

In acute hepatitis, the liver parenchyma appears normal in echotexture, indicating that there is no abnormality in the liver tissue. However, it becomes hypoechoic, meaning it appears darker on ultrasound, due to swelling caused by inflammation of the liver cells. This change in echotexture is a characteristic finding in acute hepatitis.

The correct answer is "hyperechoic". In ultrasound imaging, the term "hyperechoic" refers to a structure or tissue that reflects more ultrasound waves back to the transducer than the surrounding tissues. In this context, the portal vein walls appear brighter or whiter compared to the edematous liver parenchyma. This increased reflectivity is likely due to changes in the density or composition of the portal vein walls, which can be indicative of certain liver conditions or pathologies.

Hepatitis B is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis. It can be spread through various means such as exposure to blood, infected needles, sexual relations, and from mother to baby. If left untreated, hepatitis B can progress to chronic hepatitis and eventually lead to cirrhosis, a condition where the liver becomes scarred and damaged, affecting its normal functioning.

Hepatitis C was originally known as non-A, non-B hepatitis. This term was used because the virus causing this type of hepatitis could not be identified using the conventional methods used for hepatitis A and B. Therefore, the term non-A, non-B hepatitis was used to classify this type of hepatitis until the discovery of the hepatitis C virus in 1989.

Chronic hepatitis causes the liver parenchyma to become coarse and echogenic. This means that the liver tissue becomes rough and uneven in texture, making it difficult to visualize the portal walls.

The most common forms of viral hepatitis are types a, b, c, d, and e.

Hepatitis C can be transmitted through contact with blood. It may lead to a chronic form of hepatitis and can cause cirrhosis of the liver.

Hepatitis is a non-obstructive, hepatocellular cause of jaundice. This means that jaundice, a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes, is caused by hepatitis, specifically a non-obstructive type. Non-obstructive hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver that does not result from a blockage in the bile ducts. It is also hepatocellular, meaning it affects the liver cells themselves. This distinction is important in diagnosing and treating the underlying cause of jaundice.

Viral hepatitis is the most common form of hepatitis. This is because viral hepatitis is primarily caused by various viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. These viruses can be transmitted through contaminated food and water, blood, sexual contact, or from mother to baby during childbirth. Viral hepatitis can cause inflammation of the liver, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal pain. It is important to note that there are other forms of hepatitis, such as alcoholic hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis, but viral hepatitis is the most prevalent.

The correct answer is alcoholic, drug induced, and obstructive. Aside from viral hepatitis, there are other types of hepatitis that can occur. Alcoholic hepatitis is caused by excessive alcohol consumption, leading to inflammation of the liver. Drug-induced hepatitis can result from the use of certain medications or drugs, causing liver damage. Obstructive hepatitis occurs when there is a chronic obstruction of the bile ducts, preventing the flow of bile from the liver. These three types of hepatitis are distinct from viral hepatitis and can have different causes and treatment approaches.

The clinical appearance of hepatitis includes fatigue, malaise, joint aches, abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of appetite, dark urine, fever, hepatomegaly, and hepatic jaundice. These symptoms are commonly seen in individuals with hepatitis and can help in diagnosing the condition. Fatigue, malaise, and joint aches are general symptoms that indicate a systemic illness. Abdominal pain, vomiting, and loss of appetite are gastrointestinal symptoms commonly associated with hepatitis. Dark urine, fever, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), and hepatic jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) are specific symptoms of liver dysfunction, which is a characteristic feature of hepatitis.