Diabetes Quiz-55

Infections can cause a rise in GLU levels due to the body's immune response. When the body is fighting an infection, it releases certain chemicals called cytokines, which can interfere with the normal regulation of glucose in the body. This can lead to an increase in blood sugar levels. Additionally, infections can also cause stress on the body, which can trigger the release of stress hormones like cortisol, further contributing to elevated GLU levels. Therefore, it is possible for an infection to cause a rise in GLU.

Keith's symptoms of rapid weight loss, polyuria, and low blood pressure on admission are indicative of type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This leads to a lack of insulin production, causing high blood sugar levels and symptoms such as weight loss and excessive urination. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is characterized by insulin resistance and is often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors. Therefore, based on Keith's symptoms and the autoimmune nature of his diabetes, he is more likely to have type 1 diabetes.

Insulin is measured in units because it is a hormone that is used to regulate blood sugar levels in the body. The dosage of insulin needed varies from person to person and is determined based on factors such as weight, diet, and activity level. Units are a standard measurement used in the medical field to accurately administer medications, including insulin, to ensure proper dosing and effectiveness.

After giving insulin, the most critical observation that needs to be made is for hypoglycemia. Insulin is a medication used to lower blood sugar levels, and if too much insulin is administered or the dosage is not properly adjusted, it can cause a rapid drop in blood sugar levels. Hypoglycemia is a potentially life-threatening condition that can lead to confusion, dizziness, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Therefore, closely monitoring for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia is crucial to ensure prompt intervention and prevent any serious complications.

The nurse knows that Nick's breakfast should be available to him immediately to 2.5 hours after taking his Novolog insulin. This is because Novolog insulin is a rapid-acting insulin that starts working quickly to lower blood sugar levels. Therefore, it is important for Nick to have access to his breakfast within this time frame to prevent a drop in blood sugar levels and ensure proper management of his diabetes.

Lupe's symptoms, such as anorexia, abdominal pain, acetone breath, polyuria, confusion, and the presence of ketones in her urine, along with her high glucose level of 650, indicate that she is experiencing Diabetic Ketacidosis (DKA). DKA is a serious complication of diabetes, usually seen in type 1 diabetics, where the body does not have enough insulin to break down glucose for energy, causing it to use fat instead. This leads to the production of ketones, which can build up in the blood and urine, causing acidosis and potentially life-threatening complications.

Neuropathy is a condition that affects the nerves and can occur in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics. It is caused by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period of time, which can damage the nerves. Therefore, neuropathy is not exclusive to type 2 diabetics and can also occur in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

Hypoglycemia is the condition characterized by low blood sugar levels, which can be extremely dangerous. When blood sugar levels drop too low, it can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. If left untreated, severe hypoglycemia can even be life-threatening. On the other hand, hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels, which is a characteristic of diabetes. While hyperglycemia can have long-term complications, it is generally not considered as immediately dangerous as hypoglycemia.

Based on the given information, a 9% A1C level indicates that the patient's diabetes is not under control. An A1C level of 9% is considered high and suggests that the patient's blood sugar levels have not been well managed. Therefore, the nurse concludes that the patient's diabetes needs further intervention in order to improve their condition.

The patient's glucose levels are consistently elevated, indicating that she has diabetes. Diabetes II is the most likely diagnosis since the patient is mildly overweight and in her 50s, which are common risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes I is less likely since it typically presents at a younger age and is associated with more severe symptoms. LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults) is also less likely since there is no mention of autoimmune factors in the patient's history.

Bill is presenting with symptoms of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketoitic Syndrome (HHNS). This is indicated by his high blood glucose levels (as evidenced by his high Na and BUN levels), low insulin lab results, and his history of being a type 2 diabetic. HHNS is a serious condition that occurs in individuals with type 2 diabetes and is characterized by extremely high blood glucose levels, dehydration, and altered mental status. It is important to note that HHNS is different from Diabetic Ketacidosis (DKA), which is more commonly associated with type 1 diabetes.

The nurse would explain to Nicole that her alcohol consumption has caused her diabetes. Alcohol can lead to the development of diabetes by causing insulin resistance, which means that the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin. This can result in high blood sugar levels and eventually lead to the development of diabetes. It is important for Nicole to understand the connection between her alcohol consumption and her diabetes in order to make necessary lifestyle changes and manage her condition effectively.

Based on the symptoms and lab results described, Ben most likely has Type II diabetes. Type II diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, which can lead to elevated insulin levels. The presence of polyuria, blurred vision, leg pain, and constant thirst are also common symptoms of Type II diabetes. Additionally, high triglyceride levels are often associated with this type of diabetes.

Lantus is a type of long-acting insulin that cannot be manually mixed in a syringe. Unlike other types of insulin, Lantus is a clear solution and should not be mixed with any other insulin or solution. Mixing Lantus with any other insulin can alter its effectiveness and may lead to incorrect dosing. It is important to use a separate syringe for Lantus and administer it as directed by a healthcare professional.

This statement indicates a lack of understanding about how NovologR works. NovologR is a fast-acting insulin that is typically taken before meals to help control blood sugar levels. It is not necessary to eat a large meal before taking NovologR. Instead, it is important to match the insulin dose with the amount of carbohydrates consumed in the meal.

The nurse demonstrates understanding of NPH and its onset time by stating that it starts within 1-2 hours. This indicates that the nurse knows that NPH insulin takes longer to start working compared to other types of insulin, which typically have a faster onset of action.

The correct answer is 2-4 hr. This is because HumologR is a rapid-acting insulin medication that starts working within 15 minutes after injection. Its peak time, when it reaches its maximum effectiveness, is typically between 2-4 hours. Therefore, the nurse needs to administer the medication at a time that allows it to reach its peak effect when needed.

Humalog is a rapid-acting insulin medication used to control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. It typically starts to take effect within 15 minutes after administration. This means that after 15 minutes, the medication begins to lower blood sugar levels and its effects can be observed. It is important to note that the exact time of onset may vary slightly from person to person.

Based on the given information, Mary has a skin infection that won't go away, high blood pressure, dark amber urine, and recurring vaginal infections. Her glucose level is 135. These symptoms suggest that Mary may have pre-diabetes, which is a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes. It is important for Mary to monitor her blood sugar levels and make lifestyle changes to prevent the progression to type 2 diabetes.

Manifestations of hypoglycemia can include anxiety, tachycardia, and confusion. Anxiety can arise due to the body's response to low blood sugar levels, causing feelings of unease and restlessness. Tachycardia, or a rapid heart rate, can occur as the body tries to compensate for the low blood sugar by increasing cardiac output. Confusion may also be present as the brain is deprived of its primary energy source, glucose, leading to cognitive impairment. These symptoms collectively indicate the presence of hypoglycemia.

The correct answer is 18-24 hrs after injection. This answer suggests that NPH (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) insulin has a duration of action of 18-24 hours after it is injected. This means that its effects on lowering blood sugar levels typically last for this duration before it starts to wear off. It is important for nurses to understand the timing of NPH insulin's action in order to properly manage a patient's blood sugar levels and prevent hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.

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Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by low blood sugar levels. The correct answer options explain the factors related to hypoglycemia. "Increased insulin and reduced glucose" suggests that an excess of insulin in the body can cause a decrease in blood glucose levels. "May occur when very high blood glucose falls too rapidly" indicates that a sudden drop in blood sugar levels can lead to hypoglycemia, especially in individuals with previously high blood sugar levels. "Failure to eat" implies that not consuming enough food can also contribute to low blood sugar levels.

Since HumologR is a type of insulin, it is used to regulate blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. Insulin is typically administered before meals to help the body process the glucose from the food. Given that Melisa was given HumologR at 13:30, it can be inferred that she would need her snack or lunch approximately one hour later, which would be 14:30. Therefore, the correct answer is 15:30.

NovologR is a rapid-acting insulin medication used to control blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. The nurse understands that NovologR typically takes around 5-7 hours to fully metabolize and leave the body. This means that its effects on lowering blood sugar levels will last for this duration before wearing off. It is important for the nurse to be aware of this information in order to properly monitor and manage a patient's blood sugar levels and insulin dosages.

The correct answer is a combination of statements 2, 3, and 4. NPH insulin typically starts working 1-2 hours after injection, reaches its peak action within 4-12 hours, and stays in the system for 18-24 hours. Statement 1 is incorrect as NPH insulin does not start working in 10-30 minutes.

The nurse educates Lucy that 25-50% of women who had gestational diabetes will eventually develop type 2 diabetes. This means that there is a possibility that Lucy may develop type 2 diabetes in the future. The nurse also advises Lucy that losing the baby fat will help in managing her condition. This suggests that maintaining a healthy weight after giving birth can help prevent or manage diabetes.

Sensory neuropathy, PVD (Peripheral Vascular Disease), and smoking are risk factors that increase diabetic foot problems. Sensory neuropathy refers to nerve damage that reduces or eliminates the ability to feel pain or discomfort in the feet, making it difficult to detect injuries or infections. PVD affects blood circulation in the lower extremities, leading to poor wound healing and increased risk of infections. Smoking damages blood vessels and reduces blood flow, further exacerbating the effects of PVD. These risk factors collectively contribute to the development of foot ulcers, infections, and other complications in individuals with diabetes.

Tony is most likely a Type II diabetic because he checks his blood glucose levels periodically and not just before breakfast. Additionally, he notices a rise in his blood glucose levels when he is sick, which is a common characteristic of Type II diabetes. The fact that he is non-insulin dependent also supports the idea that he has Type II diabetes, as this type of diabetes typically does not require insulin for management.

Mickey is taking Lantus insulin because it gives her the lowest CBG (Continuous Blood Glucose) 5 hours after injection. This indicates that Lantus has a slower onset and longer duration of action compared to the other options.

The correct answer is that Linda understands her medication when she states that Lantus can start in 1.1 hr, it ends in 24 hrs, and it cannot be mixed with other insulins in the same syringe. This shows that Linda is aware of the onset and duration of action of Lantus, as well as the proper administration technique. Mixing Lantus with other insulins in the same syringe can alter its effectiveness, so it is important to administer it separately.

NPH insulin is a type of intermediate-acting insulin. It is characterized by its peak effect occurring between 4 to 12 hours after administration. This means that it takes some time for the insulin to start working and its effects are most pronounced during this time period. NPH is also known as a mixture of rapid and slow-acting insulin because it contains both short-acting and long-acting components. This combination allows for a more gradual and sustained release of insulin, providing a longer duration of action compared to rapid-acting insulin alone.

LADA is a subgroup of Diabetes I that have a slow, progressive form of type 1 diabetes.

Novolog is a rapid-acting insulin medication used to control blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes. It starts working within 15 minutes after injection and reaches its peak effect in about 1-3 hours. The duration of Novolog is typically around 3-6.5 hours, meaning that it remains active in the body for this period of time before its effects wear off. This information is important for the nurse to know in order to properly time the administration of Novolog and monitor the patient's blood sugar levels accordingly.

for the first time in the history of humans, type 2 diabetes is now more common than type 1 diabetes in childhood.

• Before meals (AC), 2 hr pc, at bed time ( HS)