Diabetes 108

Infections can cause a rise in GLU levels. When the body is infected, it releases certain chemicals and hormones as part of the immune response. These chemicals can trigger the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream, leading to an increase in GLU levels. Additionally, infections can cause inflammation and stress on the body, which can also contribute to elevated GLU levels. Therefore, it is possible for an infection to cause a rise in GLU.

Based on the given information, Keith has just been diagnosed with diabetes and it is mentioned that his diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. This indicates that Keith has Type 1 diabetes, which is characterized by the body's immune system attacking and destroying the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The symptoms of weight loss, polyuria (excessive urination), and low blood pressure on admission are also commonly associated with Type 1 diabetes. Therefore, the correct answer is Diabetes I.

Insulin is measured in units because it is a hormone that is used to regulate blood sugar levels in the body. The concentration of insulin is measured in units, which indicates the amount of the hormone present in a given dose. This unit of measurement is specific to insulin and is used to ensure accurate dosing for individuals with diabetes who require insulin therapy.

Neuropathy can occur in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics. Neuropathy refers to nerve damage, which is a common complication of diabetes. It can affect the nerves in various parts of the body, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and pain. While it is true that neuropathy is more common in type 2 diabetics, it can also occur in type 1 diabetics. Therefore, the statement that neuropathy occurs only in type 2 diabetics is incorrect.

Hypoglycemia is the condition of having low blood sugar levels, which can be extremely dangerous as it can lead to seizure, loss of consciousness, and even coma if left untreated. On the other hand, hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels, which although serious, can be managed with proper medical attention and treatment. Therefore, hypoglycemia is considered more dangerous than hyperglycemia.

After giving insulin, the most critical observation that needs to be made is for hypoglycemia. Insulin helps to lower blood sugar levels, and if too much insulin is given or if there is not enough food intake, it can cause a drop in blood sugar levels, leading to hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, so it is important to monitor for symptoms such as dizziness, confusion, sweating, and weakness, and take immediate action to raise blood sugar levels if necessary.

Based on the symptoms and lab results mentioned, Ben most likely has Type II Diabetes. Type II Diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, which can result in elevated insulin levels. Additionally, high triglyceride levels are commonly associated with Type II Diabetes. Ben's symptoms of blurred vision, polyuria (excessive urination), leg pain, and constant thirst are also consistent with Type II Diabetes.

The patient's fasting plasma glucose levels of 130 and 275 indicate that she has consistently high blood sugar levels, which is a characteristic of Type II diabetes.

Lantus cannot be manually mixed in a syringe because it is a long-acting insulin that is formulated as a clear, colorless solution. Unlike other types of insulin, Lantus is designed to be used alone and should not be mixed with any other type of insulin. Mixing Lantus with other insulins can alter its pharmacokinetic properties and may result in unpredictable blood sugar control. Therefore, it is important to administer Lantus separately and not mix it with any other insulin in a syringe.

Based on the given information, a 9% A1C level indicates that the diabetes is not under control. A normal A1C level for a person without diabetes is around 4-5%. Therefore, a 9% A1C suggests that the diabetes management needs improvement and further intervention is required to bring the A1C level down to a healthier range.

The nurse demonstrates understanding of NPH (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) insulin and its onset time by stating that it starts within 1-2 hours. This indicates that the nurse knows that NPH insulin takes some time to begin working after administration, typically within the mentioned time frame.

The correct answer is "I need to eat a large meal before taking my insulin." This statement indicates a lack of understanding about the proper administration of NovologR. Insulin should be taken before meals, not after, to help regulate blood sugar levels. Eating a large meal before taking insulin can lead to a sudden spike in blood sugar levels, which can be dangerous for someone with diabetes. It is important for Cynthia to receive more education on the correct timing and dosage of her insulin.

The nurse would explain to Nicole that her alcohol consumption has caused her diabetes. Alcohol can lead to the development of diabetes by affecting the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. It can also contribute to weight gain and obesity, which are risk factors for diabetes. By educating Nicole about the link between alcohol and diabetes, the nurse can help her understand the cause of her condition and potentially motivate her to make lifestyle changes to manage her diabetes effectively.

NPH (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) is an intermediate-acting insulin that typically peaks in the bloodstream around 6-8 hours after injection and lasts for about 18-24 hours. This means that its effects gradually diminish over this time period. Therefore, the correct answer is "18-24 hrs after injection." The other options, such as "after a heavy meal" or "12 hrs after injection," are not accurate descriptions of the duration of NPH insulin action.

The nurse understands the medication when they state that the peak time for HumologR is 2-4 hours. This means that the medication will reach its highest concentration in the bloodstream within 2-4 hours after administration. Understanding the peak time is important for the nurse to know when the medication will have its maximum effect and when to monitor the patient for any potential side effects or complications.

Humalog is a rapid-acting insulin medication used to control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. The given answer of "15 min" indicates that Humalog begins to take effect within 15 minutes of administration. This means that it starts working relatively quickly to lower blood sugar levels. This is important for individuals who need to manage their blood sugar levels before or after meals. By starting to work within 15 minutes, Humalog can help to prevent blood sugar spikes and maintain stable glucose levels.

Manifestations of hypoglycemia include anxiety, tachycardia, and confusion. Anxiety is a common symptom as low blood sugar levels can cause feelings of unease and nervousness. Tachycardia, or a rapid heart rate, is another manifestation as the body tries to compensate for the low blood sugar by increasing heart rate. Confusion is also a symptom of hypoglycemia as the brain may not be receiving enough glucose for proper functioning, leading to mental confusion and difficulty focusing. Hyperactions is not a recognized manifestation of hypoglycemia and therefore is not included in the correct answer.

NovologR is a rapid-acting insulin that is commonly used to control blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. The nurse understands that NovologR typically lasts for a duration of 5-7 hours. This means that the effects of NovologR will begin to diminish after 5-7 hours, and another dose may be required to maintain blood sugar control. It is important for the nurse to be aware of the duration of NovologR in order to properly time medication administration and prevent fluctuations in blood sugar levels.

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Based on the given information, Mary has a skin infection, high blood pressure, dark amber urine, recurring vaginal infections, and a glucose level of 135. These symptoms suggest that Mary may have pre-diabetes. Pre-diabetes is a condition in which blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. It is a warning sign that a person is at risk of developing type 2 diabetes if lifestyle changes are not made. Therefore, the correct answer is Pre Diabetes.

Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by low blood sugar levels. It is related to increased insulin and reduced glucose because insulin helps to regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells, which can lead to a decrease in blood glucose. Hypoglycemia may also occur when very high blood glucose falls too rapidly, as the body tries to compensate for the sudden drop in sugar levels. Additionally, failure to eat can also contribute to hypoglycemia as it deprives the body of the necessary glucose intake to maintain blood sugar levels.

Melisa would need her snack or lunch at 15:30 because HumologR is a fast-acting insulin that typically starts working within 15 minutes and reaches its peak effectiveness in about 1-2 hours. Therefore, it is likely that Melisa would start to feel hungry and need to eat around 1-2 hours after taking the medication, which would be around 15:30.

for the first time in the history of humans, type 2 diabetes is now more common than type 1 diabetes in childhood.

Tony is classified as a Type II diabetic because he checks his blood glucose levels regularly and notices a rise when he is sick. Type II diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to effectively use insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. Additionally, Tony is non-insulin dependent, meaning that he does not require insulin injections to manage his diabetes.

Lantus is the correct answer because it is a long-acting insulin that is known for providing a steady and consistent release of insulin over a prolonged period of time. This would explain why Mickey's CBG (Continuous Blood Glucose) level is lowest 5 hours after injection, as Lantus would still be actively working to lower her blood sugar at that time. Novolog and NovologR are rapid-acting insulins that would not have a lasting effect after 5 hours, while NPH is an intermediate-acting insulin that typically peaks around 4-6 hours after injection, making it less likely to be the cause of the lowest CBG level.

The nurse educates Lucy about her condition by explaining that 25-50% of women who had gestational diabetes will eventually develop type 2 diabetes. This means that Lucy has an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. The nurse also advises Lucy that losing the baby fat will help reduce her risk of developing diabetes.

Sensory neuropathy, PVD (Peripheral Vascular Disease), and smoking are risk factors that increase diabetic foot problems. Sensory neuropathy refers to nerve damage that can lead to loss of sensation in the feet, making it difficult to detect injuries or infections. PVD is a condition that affects blood flow to the extremities, including the feet, which can impair wound healing and increase the risk of foot ulcers. Smoking can also negatively impact circulation and impair healing, further increasing the risk of foot problems in individuals with diabetes.

The correct answer is "It can start working 1-2 hours after injection, Peak action is 4-12 hours, It stays in the system 18-24 hrs." This answer demonstrates an understanding of the onset, peak action, and duration of NPH insulin. NPH insulin typically takes 1-2 hours to start working, has a peak action of 4-12 hours, and remains in the system for 18-24 hours. This knowledge is important for Ted to effectively manage his diabetes and plan his meals and activities accordingly.

NPH insulin is a type of insulin that is intermediate-acting. It does not act quickly like rapid-acting insulin. Instead, it takes time to reach its peak effect, which typically occurs between 4 to 12 hours after administration. NPH insulin is also considered a mixture of rapid and slow-acting insulin because it has a longer duration of action compared to rapid-acting insulin but shorter duration compared to long-acting insulin. Therefore, the statement that NPH peaks at 4-12 hours and is a mixture of rapid and slow-acting insulin is correct.

The nurse understands Novolog when they state the end time is 3-6.5 hours. This means that Novolog, a rapid-acting insulin, will start working within 3-6.5 hours after administration. It is important for the nurse to know this information to properly manage the patient's blood sugar levels and ensure that the insulin is effective in controlling their diabetes.

LADA is a subgroup of Diabetes I that have a slow, progressive form of type 1 diabetes.

The given answer is correct because it accurately states the onset and duration of Lantus, which is 1.1 hours and 24 hours respectively. It also correctly mentions that Lantus should not be mixed with other insulins in the same syringe. This information is important for Linda to understand how and when to take her medication properly.

• Before meals (AC), 2 hr pc, at bed time ( HS)