Dhsnjrotc Ns2 Early Western Civilization

The capital of the Byzantine Empire was located in Constantinople. This city, which is now known as Istanbul, was strategically positioned on the Bosporus Strait, connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Its prime location allowed the Byzantine Empire to control key trade routes and defend against potential invaders. Constantinople was also a center of cultural and intellectual activity, boasting impressive architecture and serving as a hub for trade, diplomacy, and religious affairs. Its prominence as the capital of the Byzantine Empire lasted for over a thousand years until it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

Athens is known as the birthplace of democracy in government because it was in this city-state where the concept of democracy was first developed and implemented. In Athens, citizens had the right to participate in the decision-making process, vote on laws, and hold public office. This system of government, known as Athenian democracy, laid the foundation for the democratic principles and institutions that are still influential in modern governments around the world.

In the battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Ottoman Turks were defeated by Christian forces. This victory marked a significant turning point in the conflict between the Christian powers and the Ottoman Empire. The battle took place in the Gulf of Patras, off the coast of Greece, and resulted in the destruction of a significant portion of the Ottoman fleet. The defeat weakened the Ottoman Empire's naval power and halted their expansion into the Mediterranean. It also boosted the morale of the Christian forces and demonstrated their ability to resist Ottoman aggression.

Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and Martin Frobisher were all English "sea dogs" because they were prominent English naval captains and privateers during the Elizabethan era. They were known for their expeditions, piracy, and attacks on Spanish ships and colonies in the New World. They played a significant role in the English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.

Pax Romana refers to the longest period of peace in world history. It was a time of relative stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 BCE to 180 CE. During this period, the Roman Empire experienced minimal internal conflicts and expanded its influence across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The Pax Romana was characterized by efficient governance, improved infrastructure, and flourishing trade. It allowed for cultural exchange, advancements in architecture, literature, and the arts. This period is often regarded as a golden age for the Roman Empire.

The correct answer is Phoenicians. The Phoenicians were an ancient civilization that lived in the eastern Mediterranean around 1200 BCE. They were known for their maritime trade and their alphabet, which became the basis for many modern alphabets including the one we use today. The Phoenician alphabet consisted of 22 consonant symbols and did not include vowels, but it was later adapted by the Greeks who added vowel symbols to create the Greek alphabet. The Roman alphabet, which is the basis for many European languages, including English, was derived from the Greek alphabet.

The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Rome and Carthage. These wars were significant because they resulted in the eventual rise of Rome as a dominant power in the Mediterranean region. Carthage, a powerful city-state located in modern-day Tunisia, was a major maritime and trading power. Rome, on the other hand, was a growing republic seeking to expand its influence. The wars were fought over control of trade routes, territories, and resources, and ultimately ended with the complete destruction of Carthage by Rome.

Early warships, known as galleys, were crewed by trained fighting men and were propelled by oars as well as sails. Galleys were long, narrow vessels that were designed for speed and maneuverability in battle. They were commonly used by ancient civilizations such as the Greeks and Romans, and were particularly effective in naval warfare due to their ability to quickly change direction and ram enemy ships. The term "galleys" accurately describes the early warships that were crewed by trained fighters and used both oars and sails for propulsion.

King Phillip II sent his Spanish Armada against England in 1588 for multiple reasons. Firstly, he wanted to retain Spain's supremacy on the seas and establish dominance over England. Secondly, he aimed to stop English privateers from raiding his ships and disrupting Spanish trade routes. Lastly, Phillip II sought to bring England back into the Catholic church, as England had recently broken away from Catholicism under the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Therefore, all of the given options are correct reasons for Phillip II's decision to send the Spanish Armada against England.

During the Crusades, Venice emerged as a significant commercial and naval power. Its strategic location on the Adriatic Sea allowed it to establish trade routes with the Byzantine Empire and the Middle East. Venice became a major center for trade, especially in luxury goods such as spices, silk, and precious metals. The wealth generated from trade enabled Venice to build a powerful navy, which further strengthened its position as a dominant maritime power during this period.

The Romans became the leaders of Western culture after the Greeks. They built upon the foundations laid by the Greeks and expanded their influence across Europe. The Romans were known for their advancements in architecture, engineering, law, and governance, which greatly shaped Western civilization. They also spread their language, Latin, which became the basis for many modern European languages. The Romans' cultural and political dominance lasted for centuries and had a lasting impact on Western culture.

Sea power refers to the ability of a nation to defend its own sea communication and deny the enemy the use of the sea to carry on a war. It involves having a strong naval force, including ships, submarines, and aircraft, to protect maritime interests and project power across the seas. Sea power is crucial for countries to maintain control over their waters and ensure the security of their trade routes and national interests.

The Portuguese were the first to seek new sea routes to the Indies and the Orient. They were motivated by their desire to bypass the monopolistic control of the spice trade by the Venetians and the Ottomans. Led by explorers such as Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese successfully reached India in 1498, establishing direct trade links and opening up new opportunities for European powers in the East. Their pioneering efforts paved the way for subsequent European exploration and colonization in the region.

The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the war in North America between France and England. This treaty marked the end of the Seven Years' War and resulted in France ceding its North American territories to England. The treaty established British dominance in North America and marked a significant shift in power in the region.

The Treaty of Paris in 1763 marked the end of the war between France and England in North America. This means that England emerged as the victor and gained control over the territories previously held by France. As a result, England also gained control over the world's seas, solidifying its dominance as a naval power during that time.

The correct answer is Slowing the British advance enough to allow the Americans time to regroup and train troops. Although General Arnold lost all his ships, the battle at Lake Champlain in 1775 had the benefit of slowing down the British advance. This gave the American troops valuable time to regroup and train more soldiers, which ultimately helped in their overall strategy and preparedness for future battles.

During the "Age of Discovery," sea power played a crucial role in the exploration and expansion of nations. This period saw the emergence of powerful naval fleets that enabled countries to navigate unknown waters, establish trade routes, and claim territories overseas. Sea power was essential for protecting these trade routes, defending colonies, and projecting military strength. It allowed nations to assert dominance over the seas, which in turn facilitated economic growth and trade relations among nations. Additionally, sea power also led to the rise of privateering, where governments authorized private individuals to attack and capture enemy ships, further enhancing their naval capabilities and economic gains.

The correct answer is Golden Age of Athens. After the battle of Salamis in 480 B.C., Athens experienced a period of peace and prosperity known as the Golden Age. During this time, there was a flourishing of arts, culture, and intellectual pursuits, including theater, sculpture, writing, and philosophy. This period is often considered the pinnacle of Athenian civilization and had a significant impact on the development of Western culture.

The correct answer is Mercantile Theory. The explanation for this answer is that the Mercantile Theory was a belief system during the early modern period that emphasized the accumulation of wealth through trade and the establishment of colonies. According to this theory, a nation's wealth was measured by the amount of treasure it had, and in order to become richer and more powerful, a nation had to capture the trade and colonies of other nations, thereby making them poorer. This theory influenced the economic policies of many European nations during the age of exploration and colonization.

The correct answer is Crete because the ancient Cretans were known for their advanced maritime skills and were among the first to utilize sea power for trade and exploration. They had a strong navy and engaged in extensive maritime trade in the Mediterranean, establishing colonies and influencing other civilizations. The Minoan civilization, centered in Crete, had a significant impact on the development of seafaring in the ancient world.

The Trojan War was fought to secure control of the Turkish Straits in order to ensure Greek control of the Aegean-Black Sea trade. This war is famous in Greek mythology and was waged between the Greeks and the Trojans. The Greeks besieged the city of Troy for ten years, ultimately leading to its downfall. The war had significant consequences for both sides and is often considered a pivotal event in ancient history.

During the Dark Ages, Europe experienced political instability and cultural decline. Meanwhile, the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean came under the control of the Moslems, who established the Islamic Caliphate. This period witnessed advancements in various fields such as science, mathematics, medicine, and architecture. The Moslems also preserved and translated many ancient Greek and Roman texts, which later had a significant impact on the Renaissance in Europe. Therefore, the rise of the Moslems during this time contributed to the stark contrast between the development of these regions.

During the American Revolutionary War in 1777, General Howe, the British commander, decided to divert his forces towards capturing Philadelphia instead of meeting General Burgyone in Albany. This decision proved to be ill-advised as it spread his forces thin and left Burgoyne unsupported, ultimately leading to his defeat at the Battle of Saratoga. By capturing Philadelphia, Howe aimed to cut off the political and economic center of the colonies, hoping to weaken the revolutionaries. However, this move did not have the desired impact and instead bolstered the resolve of the American forces.

The Phoenicians were the second group to master the sea. They were known for their advanced maritime skills and navigation techniques. They established a vast trading network across the Mediterranean Sea, which allowed them to dominate maritime trade during their time. Their mastery of the sea enabled them to explore and colonize new territories, contributing to their economic and cultural influence in the ancient world.

Jeremiah O'Brien led Maine backwoodsmen in the first American capture of a British ship. This event is known as the Battle of Machias, which took place during the American Revolutionary War. O'Brien, along with his fellow patriots, successfully captured the British ship Margaretta in 1775, marking a significant victory for the American forces.