Dermatology Podiatry Year 2

Explanation
A bulla is a large vesicle that is typically more than 5mm in diameter. It is similar to a vesicle, but larger in size. It consists of clear fluid that is accumulated within or below the epidermis. A bulla can be seen in various skin conditions such as bullous pemphigoid or second-degree burns. It is important to differentiate a bulla from other skin lesions such as pustules or cysts, as the treatment and management may vary.

Explanation
Plaque: is a palpable, plateau-like elevation of the skin e.g psoriasis
Scale: an accululation of thickened, horney layer of keratin in the form of easily detatchable fragments e.g ichthyosis.

Explanation
Ecchyosis: A maccular red or purplr haemorrhage more than 2mm, in the skin mucoud.
Frackle:A maccular area in which there are increased pigment formation by melanocytes.

Explanation
Alopecia refers to the condition where there is a partial or complete absence of hair on the body. Therefore, it can be concluded that the statement "Alopecia is the absence of hair" is true.

Explanation
The statement is true because atrophic skin is indeed thin, translucent, and wrinkled. Atrophy refers to the wasting away or thinning of the skin, which can occur due to various factors such as aging, sun damage, or certain medical conditions. As a result, the skin becomes fragile and loses its elasticity, making blood vessels more visible. This can give the skin a translucent appearance and contribute to the development of wrinkles.

Explanation
Carbuncle: is a deep abcess formed in a grop of follicles
Folliculitis: is a acute pustular infection of multiple hair follicles

Explanation
A wheal is a raised area of the skin that is typically red or white in color and is caused by dermal edema. Urticaria, also known as hives, is a common skin condition characterized by the formation of wheals. Therefore, the correct answer is Urticaria, Wheal.

Explanation
Pustules may indicate infection, but not always as with psoriasis

Explanation
Cellulitis is a purulent inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain in the affected area. The condition is usually caused by bacteria entering the skin through a cut, wound, or insect bite. Cellulitis can occur anywhere on the body but is most commonly found on the legs. If left untreated, the infection can spread and lead to more serious complications. Therefore, cellulitis is the correct answer for the given description.

Explanation
Nodule: similar to a papule but larger
Macule: A localised area of colour or textural change in the skin

Explanation
Irritants are substances that can cause inflammation and damage to the skin, leading to contact dermatitis. They do not require an immune response to cause a reaction. On the other hand, allergens are substances that trigger an immune response in individuals who are allergic to them, resulting in allergic contact dermatitis. While both irritants and allergens can cause contact dermatitis, irritants are more common and cause a larger number of cases compared to allergens. Therefore, the statement that irritants cause more contact dermatitis than allergens is true.

Explanation
Nickel is a common allergen allergen

Explanation
Scratching induces lichenification

Explanation
The patient should wear cotton clothing, as reduces heat and sweating which can further irritate.

Explanation
The given answer lists different types of eczema. Discoid eczema is a type of eczema characterized by round or oval patches of inflamed skin. Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a common form of eczema that affects the scalp, face, and other oily areas of the body. Venous eczema, also known as gravitational eczema, occurs in the lower legs and is often associated with poor circulation. Lichen simplex chronicus is a condition where the skin becomes thick and leathery due to constant scratching and rubbing. Lichen striatus is a rare form of eczema that appears as a linear rash on one side of the body.

Explanation
Dermatophytes are a type of fungi that can cause infections in various parts of the body. They commonly infect the feet, groin, hands, scalp, and nails. These areas provide a warm and moist environment that is conducive for the growth of dermatophytes. Infections in these areas can cause symptoms such as itching, redness, and scaling. Proper hygiene and treatment are necessary to prevent and treat dermatophyte infections in these areas.

Explanation
The differential diagnosis for superficial mycoses of the nail includes psoriasis and trauma. Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that can affect the nails, causing changes in their appearance and texture. Trauma to the nail can also lead to similar symptoms, such as discoloration and thickening. Other possible causes, such as discoid eczema, were not mentioned in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is psoriasis and trauma.

Explanation
A papilloma is a small nipple-like projection from the skin surface. It is a benign growth that can occur on various parts of the body, including the skin and mucous membranes. Papillomas are usually non-cancerous and can appear as small, raised bumps or warts. They are caused by a viral infection and can be contagious. Treatment options for papillomas include surgical removal, cryotherapy, or topical medications.

Explanation
A cyst is a nodule consisting of an epithelial lined cavity filled with fluid or semi-solid material. This explanation fits the given description perfectly. A papilloma is a benign tumor that grows on the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. A papule is a small, raised bump on the skin. A macule is a flat, discolored spot on the skin. An eruption refers to a sudden outbreak or appearance of something, such as a rash or skin condition.

Explanation
A callus is a localized thickening of the horny layer of the skin that occurs in response to repeated friction or pressure. It is a protective response of the skin to prevent further damage. Unlike a scale, which is a flaky or dry patch of skin, a callus is a thicker and harder area. A plaque refers to a raised, flat-topped lesion on the skin, and a crust is a dried exudate or scab. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is callus.

Explanation
Striae, also known as stretch marks, are a common skin condition characterized by atrophic, linea bands in the skin. They are usually white or purple in color and are formed as a result of connective tissue changes. Stretch marks often occur due to rapid stretching of the skin, such as during pregnancy or periods of rapid growth. They are commonly found on the abdomen, breasts, thighs, and buttocks.

Explanation
Petechia is the correct answer because it refers to a small, pinpoint-sized hemorrhage on the skin caused by bleeding from capillaries. These spots are typically 1-2 mm in size and appear as red or purple dots. Telangiectasia refers to dilated blood vessels, not hemorrhages. A blood blister is a raised pocket of fluid-filled blood, while erythema refers to redness of the skin due to inflammation.

Explanation
Purpura is the correct answer because it refers to the reddish discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane caused by extravasation of blood. Ecchymosis is also a term for bruising, but it specifically refers to larger areas of bleeding under the skin. Telangiectasia, on the other hand, refers to small, dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin. Therefore, purpura is the most appropriate term for the given description.

Explanation
An erosion refers to a superficial break in the epidermis that does not extend down into the dermis. This means that the damage is limited to the top layer of the skin and does not penetrate deeper. Unlike an ulcer or a fissure, which involve more severe damage and extend into the dermis, an erosion is a milder form of skin injury.

Explanation
The statement is true because clinically, fungi are commonly classified into three categories: moulds, yeasts, and dermatophytes. Moulds are multicellular fungi that typically form visible colonies and produce spores. Yeasts, on the other hand, are unicellular fungi that reproduce by budding. Dermatophytes are a specific group of fungi that cause infections on the skin, hair, and nails. This classification helps in diagnosing and treating fungal infections effectively.

Explanation
The correct answer is Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. These three genera of Dermatophytes are known to affect epidermal tissue and keratinized tissue such as hair and skin. Trichophyton species are the most common cause of fungal infections in humans, affecting the skin, hair, and nails. Microsporum species primarily cause infections of the skin and hair, including ringworm. Epidermophyton species are responsible for causing infections of the skin, hair, and nails, particularly in the groin and feet. Keratinophyton is not a recognized genus of Dermatophytes and therefore not a correct answer.