1.Crack FMGE - Previous Questions

Leptospira is transmitted by rat urine. Leptospira is a type of bacteria that can cause a disease called leptospirosis. Rats are carriers of this bacteria and can excrete it in their urine. Humans can become infected with Leptospira by coming into contact with contaminated water or soil that has been contaminated with rat urine. This can happen through direct contact with the urine or through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Therefore, Leptospira is the correct answer to the question.

HIV is a RNA retrovirus, not a DNA retrovirus. Retroviruses, including HIV, have RNA as their genetic material and use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA into DNA once inside the host cell. This DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome. HIV primarily infects CD4 T-lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. As the disease progresses, HIV causes a significant reduction in the number of CD4 cells, weakening the immune system.

In a patient with typhoid, diagnosis after 15 days of onset of fever is best done by Widal test. The Widal test is a serological test that detects antibodies in the blood against the bacteria Salmonella typhi, which causes typhoid fever. After 15 days of fever, the body would have had enough time to produce detectable levels of antibodies against the bacteria. Blood culture, stool culture, and urine culture may also be used to diagnose typhoid, but they are more effective in the early stages of the disease.

IL-1, or Interleukin-1, is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in the immune response. It is known to stimulate the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes, which are important immune cells involved in the adaptive immune response. Therefore, IL-1 can enhance the immune response by promoting T lymphocyte activation. This activation helps in the recognition and elimination of pathogens, thereby contributing to the body's defense against infections.

The correct answer is single stranded RNA. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that contains a single stranded RNA genome. This RNA serves as the genetic material of the virus and is responsible for encoding the viral proteins necessary for replication and infection. HIV uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA once it enters the host cell. This DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome and serves as a template for the production of new viral RNA and proteins.

The presence of narrow angled septate hyphae in corneal scraping suggests the likely etiologic agent to be Aspergillus. Aspergillus is a genus of fungi that commonly causes invasive fungal infections, including keratitis, which is an infection of the cornea. The narrow angled septate hyphae are characteristic of Aspergillus species. Mucor, Histoplasma, and Candida are not typically associated with the presence of narrow angled septate hyphae in corneal scrapings.

Microfilaria are seen in peripheral blood in the early adenolymphangitis stage of filariasis. This stage is characterized by inflammation of the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. Microfilaria are the larval form of the filarial parasite and they circulate in the blood during this stage. They can be detected through a blood smear examination, which is an important diagnostic tool for filariasis. Tropical eosinophilia and early elephantiasis are not stages in which microfilaria are typically seen.

Confirmation of diagnosis of rota virus infection is done by detecting the presence of antigens in stool samples using the ELISA method. This is because rota virus primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract, and the virus can be detected in the stool through antigen testing. Antibody titres in serum may indicate a past infection, but they are not used for confirming the current infection. Similarly, antigen detection by immunofluorescence and antigen detection in serum by ELISA are not the preferred methods for confirming rota virus infection.

Celiprolol is not a selective beta blocker because it has additional alpha-blocking activity. Atenolol, Esmolol, and Bisprolol are all selective beta blockers, meaning they primarily target beta receptors in the body. However, Celiprolol also blocks alpha receptors, making it a non-selective beta blocker.

In lepromatous leprosy, globi refer to the characteristic structures found in the skin lesions. These globi consist of macrophages that are filled with Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB), which are the causative bacteria of leprosy. This finding is significant in diagnosing lepromatous leprosy as it confirms the presence of AFB within the macrophages.

Administration of barbiturates is contraindicated in Acute intermittent porphyria. This is because barbiturates can induce hepatic enzymes, which can lead to an increase in porphyrin synthesis and exacerbate the symptoms of porphyria.

Heat stable enterotoxin causing food poisoning is caused by Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Staphylococcus. Clostridium perfringens does not produce heat stable enterotoxin and therefore is not a cause of this type of food poisoning.

Simultaneous use with penicillin does not increase the risk of aminoglycoside renal toxicity. Aminoglycosides and penicillins have different mechanisms of action and do not interact with each other in a way that would increase the risk of renal toxicity. The other factors listed, such as being elderly, dehydration, and recent administration of aminoglycosides, can all contribute to an increased risk of renal toxicity.

The statement "Drugs that produce a similar pharmacological effect can have different levels of efficacy" is true. Efficacy refers to the maximum effect that a drug can produce, regardless of the dose. Different drugs with similar pharmacological effects can have varying levels of efficacy, meaning that one drug may be more effective in producing the desired effect compared to another drug. The other statements are all true, as efficacy is generally considered more important than potency in a clinical setup, the height of the log dose response curve corresponds to efficacy, and the ED50 (the dose at which 50% of the maximum effect is achieved) can be used as a measure of efficacy.

CMV retinitis is a condition that affects the retina of the eye and is commonly seen in individuals with HIV. It occurs when the CD4 counts, which indicate the strength of the immune system, fall below a certain level. In this case, the correct answer is 50, indicating that CMV retinitis can develop when the CD4 counts drop below 50. This suggests that a severely compromised immune system increases the risk of developing CMV retinitis in HIV patients.

Listeria is a gram-positive bacterium, not a gram-negative one. It is a foodborne pathogen that can cause serious infections, including meningitis in neonates and abortion in pregnant women. However, it is not transmitted through contaminated milk.

The given answer is correct because the specific IgM antibodies are not used for detecting immunity against rubella, but rather for detecting acute infection. IgM antibodies are produced in response to a current or recent infection, indicating an active immune response. Therefore, the specific IgM antibodies test is not useful for determining immunity against rubella, but rather for diagnosing a current infection.

Tianeptine is known to enhance the reuptake of serotonin, leading to increased levels of serotonin in the brain. This mechanism of action is believed to contribute to its antidepressant effects.

Epstein Barr virus is a known cause of infectious mononucleosis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Therefore, the correct answer is "Infectious mononucleosis" because it is listed twice as an option.

Bacteroides is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. It is gram-negative bacilli, not gram-positive. It is anaerobic, which means it does not require oxygen to survive. Bacteroides can cause various infections, including peritonitis, which is an inflammation of the peritoneum. Therefore, the statement "It may cause peritonitis" is true. The presence of Bacteroides in a stool culture may indicate the need for treatment, especially if the patient is symptomatic.