Toughest Cosmetology Exam! Trivia Questions Quiz

Waving lotion is used in hair treatments to break the disulfide bonds in the hair. Disulfide bonds are responsible for the natural shape and structure of the hair, and breaking these bonds allows for the hair to be reshaped or curled. By breaking the disulfide bonds, the waving lotion helps to temporarily change the structure of the hair, allowing for the desired style or wave pattern to be achieved.

Thioglycolic acid is commonly used in chemical procedures for hair, such as hair relaxing or permanent waving. However, it should never be used after a sodium hydroxide procedure. Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkaline chemical that breaks the disulfide bonds in the hair, while thioglycolic acid works by breaking the cystine bonds. Using thioglycolic acid after a sodium hydroxide procedure can lead to excessive damage and breakage of the hair. Therefore, it is important to avoid using thioglycolic acid in such cases.

The use of vegetable, metallic, and compound dyes can cause various problems. Firstly, they can cause damage to the hair, as these dyes often contain harsh chemicals that can weaken and break the hair strands. Secondly, using these dyes may prevent the hair from undergoing other chemical services, such as perming or relaxing, as the dyes can interfere with the effectiveness of these treatments. Lastly, these dyes may cause the hair to fade into undesired colors over time, leading to dissatisfaction with the hair color. Therefore, all of the given options are potential problems caused by the use of these dyes.

The nucleus is the dense center of an atom that contains protons and sometimes neutrons. It is the core of the atom where most of its mass is concentrated. The protons, which carry a positive charge, are located in the nucleus, along with the neutrons, which are neutral. The electrons, which carry a negative charge, orbit around the nucleus in specific energy levels. The nucleus is responsible for holding the atom together and determining its chemical properties.

Lighter colors have the tendency to advance, meaning they appear closer to the viewer. This optical illusion can create the perception of larger or more prominent features or areas. In contrast, darker colors tend to recede, making them appear further away. Complimentary colors, which are opposite each other on the color wheel, do not necessarily have an effect on the advancement or recession of features. Therefore, the correct answer is "Lighter."

Comedones is the technical term used to describe blackheads, which are small, dark bumps that appear on the skin due to clogged hair follicles. These bumps are formed when the hair follicles become blocked with oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria. The dark color of blackheads is a result of oxidation of the trapped debris. Unlike whiteheads, which are closed comedones, blackheads have an open pore, allowing the contents to be exposed to air. Macules refer to flat, discolored spots on the skin, while naevus is a term used for birthmarks or moles.

The acid mantle refers to the thin, protective layer on the surface of the skin that helps maintain its pH balance and prevents the skin from drying or chapping. It is composed of a combination of sebum, sweat, and natural skin oils, which create a slightly acidic environment that inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi. This protective barrier also helps to retain moisture in the skin, keeping it hydrated and healthy.

The skin has seven basic functions.

An alkaline solution is a water-based solution that has a higher concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) compared to hydrogen ions (H+). This means that the solution has a higher pH value, typically above 7. Alkaline solutions are known for their basic properties and are commonly found in substances like soaps, detergents, and baking soda.

Oily skin is usually characterized by an all over shiny look. This is because the sebaceous glands in the skin produce excess oil, known as sebum, which gives the skin a shiny appearance. Oily skin can also be prone to acne and enlarged pores due to the excess oil production.

Canities is the name given to the grayness or whiteness of hair. It is a natural part of the aging process where the hair loses its pigment and becomes gray or white. Hypertrichosis refers to excessive hair growth, monilethrix is a genetic hair disorder characterized by brittle and fragile hair, and androgenetic alopecia is a common form of hair loss in both men and women.

A lesion refers to any abnormal change in the structure of an organ or tissue. It can be a physical injury, a wound, or a diseased area. Lesions can be caused by various factors such as infections, trauma, or underlying health conditions. Therefore, in the context of the given question, the correct answer is "lesion" because it accurately describes an abnormal change in the structure of an organ or tissue.

Pure water has a pH of 7 because it is considered neutral on the pH scale. The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance, with values below 7 being acidic, 7 being neutral, and values above 7 being alkaline. Since pure water contains an equal concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-), it is neither acidic nor alkaline, resulting in a pH of 7.

Melanotic sarcoma is a type of skin cancer that starts with a mole. This cancer is characterized by the abnormal growth of melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing pigment in the skin. The development of a mole can be an early sign of melanotic sarcoma, and it is important to monitor any changes in size, shape, or color of moles as it may indicate the presence of this aggressive form of skin cancer. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving the prognosis of melanotic sarcoma.

Powder bleaches are usually used for lightening procedures such as highlighting and weaving. They are a popular choice because they provide a strong and effective lightening result. Powder bleaches are typically mixed with a developer to create a paste-like consistency, which can then be applied to the hair. This type of lightener is versatile and can be used for various techniques, allowing for precise and controlled application. Cream lighteners and oil lighteners are also used for lightening procedures, but powder bleaches are often preferred due to their reliable and predictable results.

A salt bond is a side bond that helps organize protein chains. Salt bonds, also known as ionic bonds, are formed between positively and negatively charged amino acid residues in a protein. These bonds play a crucial role in stabilizing the protein structure and maintaining its overall shape. The attraction between opposite charges allows for the formation of salt bridges, which contribute to the folding and stability of proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is salt-bond.

The dermis is referred to as the "true skin" because it is the layer of skin that lies beneath the epidermis. It is responsible for providing structural support to the skin and contains important structures such as blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sensory receptors. The dermis also plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature and protecting the body from external threats.

Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition characterized by red, dry patches of skin covered with rough, silvery scales. It is caused by an overactive immune system, which leads to the rapid growth of skin cells. This results in the formation of thick, inflamed patches that can be itchy and painful. Eczema, herpes simplex, and acne do not typically present with the same characteristic silvery scales as seen in psoriasis.

A pH of 5 is 10 times more acidic than a pH of 6 because the pH scale is logarithmic. Each whole number on the pH scale represents a tenfold difference in acidity or alkalinity. Therefore, a pH of 5 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 6.

Onycophagy refers to nails that have been bitten. This term specifically describes the act of biting one's nails, which can result in the nails becoming damaged, shortened, or uneven. Biting nails is a common habit that some people engage in due to stress, anxiety, or nervousness. It can lead to various issues such as infections, pain, and unsightly appearance of the nails.

An organ is a separate body structure composed of cells of two or more different tissues that perform a specific function. Organs are made up of different tissues working together to carry out a particular task or function in the body. They are higher-level structures that are more complex than tissues and are essential for the proper functioning of the body.

The humerus is classified as a long bone because it is longer than it is wide. Long bones are typically found in the limbs and are responsible for supporting weight and facilitating movement. The humerus, located in the upper arm, fits this description as it is a long, cylindrical bone that connects the shoulder to the elbow.

The correct answer is Stratum Spinosum. In this layer of the skin, the cells undergo changes and become irregularly shaped with a spiny appearance. This layer is located above the Stratum Basale and below the Stratum Granulosum. The cells in the Stratum Spinosum are connected by desmosomes, which give them a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope. These cells play a role in providing strength and support to the skin.

On average, a person sheds approximately 5 billion cells daily. This is because our skin cells constantly regenerate and shed off as new cells are produced. The shedding of cells is a natural process that helps to keep our skin healthy and renew itself.

When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, it forms a solution. A solution is a homogeneous mixture where the solute particles are evenly distributed throughout the solvent. This means that the solute particles are completely dispersed and do not settle or separate over time. Suspensions, on the other hand, are heterogeneous mixtures where the solute particles are not completely dissolved and can settle at the bottom. Emulsions are also heterogeneous mixtures, but they involve the dispersion of immiscible liquids. Ointments are semisolid preparations used for topical application and are not related to the dissolution of solutes in solvents.

An emulsion is formed when two or more non-mixable substances are united with the help of a binder or gum-line substance. In an emulsion, one substance is dispersed as small droplets throughout another substance. These droplets are stabilized by the binder or gum-line substance, preventing them from separating. Emulsions are commonly used in various industries, such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, to combine ingredients that would not naturally mix together.

Tinea manus is a fungal infection that affects the hands. It is characterized by dark pink to reddish patches or rings on the skin, which may contain tiny blisters. The infection is indeed caused by a fungus. Therefore, all of the statements mentioned in the question are true regarding tinea manus.

Onychocryptosis is the medical term for ingrown nails, a condition where the edge of the nail grows into the surrounding skin. This can cause pain, inflammation, and infection. The other options, athletes foot, spoon nails, and blue nails, are not common names for onychocryptosis.

The skin is a part of the excretory system because it helps to eliminate waste products from the body through sweat. Sweat contains water, salt, and other substances that are excreted through the pores of the skin. This process helps to regulate body temperature and remove toxins from the body. Therefore, the skin plays a crucial role in the excretion of waste materials and is considered a part of the excretory system.

The mandible is the largest bone in the facial skeleton. It is commonly known as the jawbone and forms the lower part of the skull. It is a strong, U-shaped bone that holds the lower teeth and allows for chewing and speaking. The mandible is connected to the temporal bones of the skull by the temporomandibular joints, which allow for movement of the jaw.

Petrissage refers to a massage technique that involves kneading and rolling of the muscles. It can be performed with varying degrees of pressure, ranging from light to heavy. This technique helps to increase blood flow, relax muscles, and improve flexibility.

Facial masks have many different benefits such as hydration, tightening of the pores, and reduction of excess oil. When applied to the skin, facial masks provide deep hydration, helping to nourish and moisturize the skin. They also contain ingredients that can help to tighten the pores, making them appear smaller and less noticeable. Additionally, facial masks often have oil-absorbing properties, which can help to reduce excess oil on the skin, leading to a more balanced complexion. Overall, facial masks are a great addition to a skincare routine, offering multiple benefits for healthier, more radiant skin.

Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones. During catabolism, complex molecules are broken down into simpler units, releasing energy in the process. This process is essential for the body to obtain energy from food and for the removal of waste products. Anabolism, on the other hand, is the opposite process, where smaller molecules are combined to form larger ones. Cell division refers to the process of a cell dividing into two or more daughter cells, while erosion refers to the gradual wearing away of something, typically by natural forces such as water or wind.

The liver is responsible for converting and neutralizing ammonia, a toxic waste product, into urea. This process occurs in the liver cells and is known as the urea cycle. Urea is then transported to the kidneys and excreted in urine. The skin and heart do not have this specific function of converting and neutralizing ammonia, making the liver the correct answer.

The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones. This is the correct answer because the human skeletal system consists of 206 bones, including the bones of the skull, spine, ribcage, and limbs. These bones provide support, protection, and movement for the body.

The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the skin and acts as a protective barrier. It is composed of dead skin cells and is responsible for preventing water loss and protecting against external irritants. This layer is known to be tough and resilient, making it the toughest layer of the skin.

Visible symptoms are called "objective" because they can be observed and measured by others. Unlike subjective symptoms, which are based on personal experiences and feelings, objective symptoms are tangible and can be confirmed by multiple individuals. In the context of this question, the term "objective" refers to symptoms that are outwardly visible and can be objectively assessed by healthcare professionals or other observers.

The statement is false because most skin problems are not caused by the sudoriferous glands. Skin problems can be caused by various factors such as genetics, hormones, allergies, infections, and environmental factors. The sudoriferous glands, also known as sweat glands, are responsible for producing sweat and regulating body temperature, but they are not the main cause of skin problems.

The pH scale measures whether a substance is acidic, neutral, or alkaline. It is useful for substances containing water or that can be dissolved in water. The scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 0 being highly acidic, 7 being neutral, and 14 being highly alkaline. Therefore, all of the given options are correct statements about the pH scale.

The correct answer is "all of the above". An all-purpose shampoo contains low alkaline content and a low concentration of surface active ingredients, which makes it gentle on the hair and scalp. It does not strip color and is mild, making it suitable for all hair types. Additionally, an all-purpose shampoo is designed to cleanse the hair without specifically targeting any special condition, making it a versatile option for everyday use.

The lymph-vascular system is responsible for reaching parts of the body not reached by blood. This is because the lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that helps to transport lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells, throughout the body. Unlike the circulatory system, which uses blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues, the lymphatic system helps to remove waste, toxins, and excess fluid from tissues. It also helps to transport immune cells to areas of infection or inflammation. Therefore, the lymph-vascular system plays a crucial role in reaching parts of the body that are not accessible through the bloodstream.

Boils, also known as furuncles, are painful, pus-filled bumps that appear in the dermis and epidermis of the skin. They are caused by an acute staphylococcal infection, which occurs when bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus enters the skin through a hair follicle or a small cut or scrape. The infection leads to inflammation and the formation of a pocket of pus, resulting in the development of a boil.

The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis and is composed of dead skin cells that are constantly shed and replaced. It acts as a protective barrier against environmental factors such as UV radiation, chemicals, and pathogens. This layer is tough and provides strength and durability to the skin, making it the toughest layer of the epidermis.

Scars are the result of a lesion extending into the dermis or deeper. When the skin is injured, the body produces collagen fibers to repair the damage. If the injury penetrates deep into the dermis, the body may produce an excess amount of collagen, resulting in a scar. Scars can vary in appearance, texture, and color depending on the severity of the injury and individual factors.

The given statement is true. Cosmetic appearance refers to the overall look and visual appeal of something, in this case, the hair. The luster or shine of the hair is one aspect of its cosmetic appearance. Therefore, it can be concluded that the statement is correct.

If a client has a nail disorder, it is important to perform nail services with care to avoid causing further damage or discomfort. However, it is also recommended for the client to consult a physician as they are medical professionals who can provide proper diagnosis and treatment for the nail disorder. By consulting a physician, the client can ensure that they receive the appropriate medical attention and guidance for their specific condition. Therefore, the statement is true.

The endocrine system controls growth, general health, and reproduction of the body. It consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, which then travel to target organs and tissues to regulate various bodily functions. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating growth and development, maintaining homeostasis, and controlling reproductive processes. The endocrine system works in coordination with other systems in the body to ensure overall health and proper functioning.

Sudoriferous glands are responsible for producing sweat. These glands are found all over the body and play a crucial role in regulating body temperature. Sweat is composed mainly of water, along with electrolytes and other substances. It is released through the pores of the skin when the body needs to cool down, such as during physical activity or when the surrounding temperature is high. Sebaceous glands, on the other hand, produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair. Eccrine glands are a type of sudoriferous gland that is responsible for producing sweat that helps regulate body temperature. Scarf skin is not a term related to sweat production.

Continued friction of the hands and feet can lead to the formation of keratoma. Keratoma is a thickened area of skin that develops in response to repetitive pressure or friction. It is commonly found on the soles of the feet or palms of the hands. The repeated rubbing or irritation causes the skin to thicken and form a hardened, callus-like growth. This condition is often seen in individuals who engage in activities that involve repetitive movements or pressure on the hands and feet, such as athletes, dancers, or manual laborers.

Onychoptosis refers to the shredding or falling out of a nail. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, infection, or underlying medical conditions. It is characterized by the detachment of the nail from the nail bed, leading to its partial or complete loss. Onychoptosis can cause pain, discomfort, and cosmetic concerns. Treatment options may include addressing the underlying cause, keeping the affected area clean and protected, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be required to remove the damaged nail.

Both fatigue and changes in hair growth can signal a need for medical attention. Fatigue can be a symptom of various underlying health issues, such as anemia, thyroid problems, or chronic fatigue syndrome. Changes in hair growth, such as sudden hair loss or excessive hair growth, can also be indicative of certain medical conditions, including hormonal imbalances or autoimmune disorders. Therefore, experiencing either of these symptoms may warrant further evaluation and medical attention.

The correct answer is 14. The facial skeleton is composed of 14 bones. These include the maxilla, mandible, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer. These bones form the structure of the face and provide support and protection for the facial organs and tissues.

A prognosis is a forecast or prediction of the most likely outcome or course of a disease. It is based on the current condition of the patient, the available medical knowledge, and statistical data. A prognosis helps healthcare professionals and patients understand the expected progression of the disease, potential complications, and the likelihood of recovery or worsening. It plays a crucial role in treatment planning and decision-making.

Dermatitis venenata refers to an allergic reaction caused by contact with certain substances. These substances can include cosmetics or chemicals, which often contain irritants or allergens that can trigger a reaction in sensitive individuals. Medications and certain foods can also cause allergic reactions, but in the context of dermatitis venenata, the most likely culprits are cosmetics or chemicals that come into contact with the skin. Therefore, the correct answer is cosmetics or chemicals.

All-purpose shampoos are suggested as the correct answer because they contain low alkaline content and a low concentration of surface acting agents. Additionally, they do not target any specific hair condition.

In massage, the muscles are typically manipulated from insertion to origin. This means that the therapist applies pressure or strokes starting from the point where the muscle attaches to a bone (insertion) and moves towards the point where the muscle originates (origin). This direction of manipulation allows for better circulation, relaxation, and release of tension in the muscle.

The sudoriferous glands, also known as sweat glands, have several functions including helping regulate body temperature, excreting waste, and helping to maintain the proper pH of the skin. However, they do not produce oil. Oil is produced by the sebaceous glands, which are different from the sudoriferous glands.

Cleansing lotion is designed to remove impurities from the skin. It does so by using various ingredients such as enzymes and alphahydroxy acids, which help to break down and remove dead skin cells. While a granular product can also be used to exfoliate and remove dead skin cells, the use of enzymes and alphahydroxy acids in cleansing lotion provides a gentler and more effective way to cleanse the skin and remove impurities. Therefore, the correct answer is that cleansing lotion removes impurities from the skin.

Lentigines is the technical term for freckles. Freckles are small, flat spots on the skin that are usually tan or light brown in color. They are caused by an increase in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for giving color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Lentigines are harmless and often appear on areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun, such as the face, arms, and shoulders.

Onychauxis is the correct answer because it refers to a thickening of the nail plate or an abnormal outgrowth of the nail. Leuconychia refers to white spots on the nails, bruised nails refer to nails that have been injured and turned black or blue, and corrugations refer to ridges or grooves on the surface of the nails.

Metabolism is the correct answer because it refers to the chemical process by which cells obtain and utilize nutrients for growth and reproduction. It involves various biochemical reactions that break down complex molecules to release energy and build new molecules necessary for cellular functions. Cell growth and division are part of metabolism, but they do not encompass the entire process. Protoplasm is the living contents of a cell, which is involved in metabolism but is not the specific term for the process itself.

A freckle is an example of a macule because a macule is a small, flat, and distinct area of discoloration on the skin. Freckles are small, flat spots on the skin that are typically tan or light brown in color. They are caused by an increase in melanin production in certain areas of the skin, resulting in these pigmented spots. Therefore, freckles fit the description of a macule as they are flat and do not have any elevation or fluid-filled appearance like papules, vesicles, or wheals.

Furuncles are localized infections of hair follicles. They are commonly known as boils and are caused by bacteria entering the hair follicle and causing an infection. This leads to the formation of a painful, red, and swollen bump filled with pus. Furuncles can occur anywhere on the body where hair is present, and they are usually treated with warm compresses and antibiotics if necessary.

Acid waves (heat waves) do not have a pH of 8.0-9.5. This statement is incorrect. Acid waves typically have a pH below 7, indicating acidity. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are physically combined. Unlike compounds, which involve a chemical reaction and the formation of new substances, mixtures can be easily separated into their individual components. Therefore, a mixture is the correct answer as it best fits the given description.

The correct answer is 3 because there are three fundamental forms of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. These forms are based on the arrangement and movement of particles.

The correct answer is systematic or general circulation. This term refers to the continuous movement of blood from the heart, through the arteries, capillaries, and veins, and back to the heart again. It involves the entire body and ensures that oxygen and nutrients are delivered to all cells, while waste products are removed. This circulation is essential for the functioning of all organs and tissues in the body.

The zygomaticus muscles are responsible for drawing the corners of the mouth up and back, which creates the expression of smiling or laughing. These muscles play a crucial role in facial expressions and are specifically involved in the movement of the mouth and lips.

Dark skin has more melanin, which is the pigment responsible for the color of the skin. Melanocytes are the cells that produce melanin, and the amount of melanocytes in the skin is relatively the same regardless of skin color. Therefore, it is not true that dark skin has more melanocytes.

The acid mantle is a protective layer on the surface of the skin that helps maintain its pH balance and protect against harmful bacteria. It is primarily composed of a mixture of oil and sweat. Sweat contains various substances like water, salt, and other minerals. Therefore, the correct answer is sweat.

Hyperpigmentation is the term used to describe the overactivity of the melanocytes in the epidermis. The options provided are conditions that involve changes in skin pigmentation, but only melanoderma specifically refers to hyperpigmentation. Albinism is a condition characterized by a lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes. Leukoderma refers to localized loss of skin pigmentation. Vitiligo is a condition that causes patches of depigmented skin. Therefore, the correct answer is melanoderma.

Pterygium is a medical term used to describe the abnormal growth of tissue on the surface of the eye. It is not related to any of the other options mentioned. Therefore, "overgrown cuticles" is the correct answer as it is the only option that is not related to a different medical condition.

Nail fungus is caused by a contagious vegetable parasite. This means that it is not caused by a virus or by biting nails. Nail fungus is a common condition that occurs when a type of fungus called dermatophyte infects the nails. It can spread from person to person through direct contact or by sharing contaminated items such as nail clippers or towels. Therefore, the correct answer is that it is a contagious vegetable parasite.

Anabolism is the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. It involves the synthesis of complex molecules, such as proteins and carbohydrates, from simpler molecules through various chemical reactions. This process requires energy and is responsible for the growth and repair of tissues, as well as the storage of energy in the body. Catabolism, on the other hand, is the process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones, while cell division and mutation are unrelated to the process of building up larger molecules.

Both the temporalis and masseter muscles are involved in mastication, which is the process of chewing food. The temporalis muscle is located on the side of the head and is responsible for closing the jaw during chewing. The masseter muscle is also located in the jaw and is one of the main muscles used for biting and grinding food. Therefore, both a and b are correct answers as they correctly identify the muscles involved in mastication.

The origin refers to the non-moving portion of the muscle that is attached to either bone or another fixed muscle. It is the point where the muscle begins and provides stability while the other end, called the insertion, moves to create movement. The origin is important for understanding the function and action of the muscle.

In seborrhea, the skin produces excessive amounts of sebum, which is an oily substance. This leads to the skin appearing oily and shiny.

After the massage cream has been removed, the face should be sponged with a toner. Toner helps to remove any remaining residue from the cream, as well as any dirt or impurities that may be left on the skin. It also helps to balance the pH levels of the skin, tighten the pores, and prepare the skin for further skincare products or treatments. Using a toner after removing the cream ensures that the skin is clean, refreshed, and ready for the next steps in the skincare routine.

Hives are an example of wheals. Wheals are raised, itchy, and often red or white in color. They are typically caused by an allergic reaction or an immune response to certain substances. Hives can vary in size and shape and may appear and disappear quickly. They can be triggered by various factors such as medications, foods, insect bites, or infections.

Onychocryptosis is a disorder in which the nail grows into the edge of the nail groove. The nail groove is the narrow channel on the sides of the nail plate where the nail folds over the skin. When the nail grows into this area, it can cause pain, inflammation, and infection. Treatment for onychocryptosis often involves trimming or removing the ingrown portion of the nail and taking measures to prevent it from recurring.

Groups of cells of the same kind make up tissues. Tissues are composed of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function in the body. They can be categorized into four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Each type of tissue has a unique structure and function, contributing to the overall organization and functioning of organs and systems in the body.

Light and dark skin differ in the rate and amount of melanin produced. Melanin is the pigment responsible for skin color, and individuals with darker skin produce more melanin than those with lighter skin. The rate at which melanin is produced also affects skin color, with higher rates resulting in darker skin tones. The number of melanocytes, which are the cells that produce melanin, and the number of epidermal cells may vary between individuals, but they do not directly determine the difference in skin color between light and dark skin.

The correct answer is "the gel-like substance cells are composed of." Protoplasm refers to the living substance found within cells, which includes the cytoplasm and nucleus. It is a gel-like substance that contains various organelles and is responsible for carrying out cellular activities.

Vitiligo is not a congenital failure of the skin to form melanin pigment. It is a condition in which the skin loses melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin pigment. This results in patches of depigmented skin. Vitiligo can develop at any age, not necessarily from birth. Therefore, the statement is false.

Onychophagy refers to bitten nails. This term specifically describes the habit of biting or chewing one's nails, which can result in damaged, uneven, or shortened nails. It is often considered a nervous habit or a response to stress or anxiety. Onychophagy can also lead to infections, pain, and damage to the surrounding skin.

Epithelial tissue is the correct answer because it is responsible for covering and protecting body surfaces and internal organs. Epithelial tissue forms a barrier that helps to prevent the entry of harmful substances and pathogens into the body. It also aids in the absorption and secretion of substances, as well as providing sensory functions.

The correct answer is the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. Once the blood reaches the lungs, it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, becoming oxygenated. It then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins. The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, while the superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart.

Lanugo is the term used to describe the fine, downy hair that covers a newborn baby's body. This hair is usually shed within the first few weeks after birth. Vellus refers to the fine, soft hair that covers most of the body in children and adults, while alopecia is a medical term for hair loss. Follicle, on the other hand, is the small cavity from which hair grows.

Hair that is dry and brittle should be cleaned with shampoo that is acid balanced. This is because acid balanced shampoos have a pH level that is closer to the natural pH of the hair, which is slightly acidic. Using an acid balanced shampoo helps to restore the pH balance of the hair, making it more moisturized and less prone to breakage. Shampoos that are neutral or have a high pH can strip the hair of its natural oils, further drying it out and causing more damage.

An onychosis refers to any disease, disorder, or condition that affects the nails. It is a general term used to describe various nail-related issues such as infections, deformities, or abnormalities. Onychomycosis is a specific type of onychosis that refers to a fungal infection of the nails. Onychology is the study of nails, and etiology is the study of the causes of diseases. Therefore, onychosis is the correct answer as it encompasses all nail-related conditions.

Furrows are vertical lines down the nail plate. They can occur due to various reasons such as aging, dehydration, or certain medical conditions. Furrows can affect the appearance of the nails and may indicate underlying health issues.

The term "prognosis" refers to the expected outlook or outcome of a medical condition. In the context of the question, onychosis refers to a disorder or abnormality of the nails. Therefore, the prognosis would indicate the likelihood or expectation of recovery from this condition. It assesses the potential for improvement or resolution of the onychosis based on various factors such as the underlying cause, severity, and available treatments.

Connective tissue is the correct answer because it is responsible for supporting, protecting, and holding the body together. Connective tissue is found throughout the body and provides structural support to organs and tissues. It also helps in connecting different body parts and acts as a cushioning material. Examples of connective tissue include tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone.

Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs. It forms the outer layer of the skin and lines the cavities and organs within the body. Epithelial tissue acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of harmful substances and pathogens, while also providing protection against physical damage. Additionally, it plays a role in absorption, secretion, and sensory perception. Therefore, the correct answer is "covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs."

The facial nerve is the primary motor nerve of the face. It controls the muscles of facial expression, allowing us to smile, frown, and make other facial movements. It also plays a role in the sense of taste on the front two-thirds of the tongue. The zygomatic nerve controls the muscles involved in smiling, but it is a branch of the facial nerve. The buccal nerve supplies sensation to the cheek, while the mandibular nerve is responsible for motor control of the muscles involved in chewing. Therefore, the correct answer is facial.

The correct answer is 8-10 pints. An adult human body typically has around 8-10 pints of blood circulating throughout the body. Blood plays a crucial role in transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to and from cells. It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain overall homeostasis.

A naevus, also known as a mole, is a common skin condition characterized by a stain in the skin caused by the dilation of small blood vessels. This dilation leads to the formation of a pigmented spot on the skin. Unlike scars, calluses, and verrucas, which are caused by different factors such as injuries or infections, a naevus is specifically associated with the dilation of blood vessels in the skin. Therefore, the correct answer is naevus.

Warts are the most common skin tumors. They are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and can appear on any part of the body. Warts are characterized by their rough texture and can vary in size and shape. They are contagious and can spread through direct contact with the virus. While moles, verruca, and acne are also skin conditions, warts are specifically classified as skin tumors due to their abnormal growth of skin cells caused by the HPV infection.