Clinical Nutrition - Qp20

Anti-histamines are drugs used to counter allergic reactions. Allergic reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to a substance, such as pollen or certain foods, and releases histamines. These histamines cause symptoms like itching, sneezing, and swelling. Anti-histamines work by blocking the effects of histamines, thereby reducing or relieving the allergic symptoms. They are commonly used to treat allergies, such as hay fever, hives, and allergic rhinitis. Anti-coagulants are drugs used to prevent blood clotting, while antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.

An allergy is indeed defined as an abnormal response to a normal substance. This means that when a person with an allergy comes into contact with a substance that is typically harmless to others, their immune system reacts in an exaggerated way, causing symptoms such as sneezing, itching, or difficulty breathing. This abnormal response is due to the immune system mistakenly identifying the substance as harmful and releasing chemicals to fight it off. Therefore, the given answer "True" is correct.

Candida Albicans is indeed the organism responsible for the condition known as Thrush. Thrush is a common fungal infection that typically affects the mouth and throat, causing white patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, and other areas. Candida Albicans is a type of yeast that naturally lives in our bodies, but certain factors such as weakened immune system, antibiotics, or hormonal changes can lead to an overgrowth of this yeast, resulting in Thrush. Therefore, the statement "Candida Albicans is the name of the organism responsible for the condition known as Thrush" is true.

The statement is false because AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, not Aids Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases.

In cases of allergic reactions, IgE (Immunoglobulin E) is produced in excess. IgE is an antibody that plays a crucial role in allergic responses by triggering the release of histamine and other chemicals that cause allergic symptoms such as itching, swelling, and inflammation. When the immune system recognizes an allergen, it produces IgE antibodies, which then bind to mast cells and basophils. Upon subsequent exposure to the allergen, these IgE-bound cells release histamine and other mediators, leading to an allergic reaction. Therefore, an excessive production of IgE is associated with allergic reactions.

Weight difficulties and heart irregularities can be symptoms of an allergic reaction. Allergic reactions can cause inflammation in the body, which can lead to weight gain or weight loss. Additionally, allergies can affect the cardiovascular system, leading to heart irregularities such as palpitations or arrhythmias. Insomnia and hallucinations are not typically associated with allergic reactions.

The autoimmune system is responsible for protecting the body from foreign substances and infections. However, in certain diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body, leading to various health problems. Alopecia is an autoimmune disease that causes hair loss, where the immune system attacks hair follicles. Lupus is another autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks healthy tissues throughout the body, causing inflammation and damage to organs and joints. Acute nephritis is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the kidneys, leading to inflammation and impaired kidney function. Therefore, Alopecia, Lupus, and Acute nephritis are diseases where the autoimmune system turns on itself.

Children who suffer from eczema, asthma, and hayfever tend to have six times the expected quantity of IgE in their skin. IgE is an antibody that plays a role in allergic reactions. Eczema, asthma, and hayfever are all allergic conditions that involve an immune response triggered by allergens. The increased quantity of IgE in the skin of children with these conditions suggests a heightened immune response to allergens, leading to symptoms such as itching, wheezing, and sneezing.

There are five different types of antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, which are produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances in the body. These types are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Each type of antibody has a specific role in defending the body against different types of pathogens. IgG is the most common type and provides long-term protection, while IgM is the first antibody produced during an infection. IgA is found in body fluids and helps protect mucosal surfaces, IgD is involved in the activation of B cells, and IgE is responsible for allergic reactions.