Class 5 Science Final Term

The statement "Sun is the star nearest to the earth" is true because the Sun is the closest star to our planet. It is located about 93 million miles away from Earth and is the primary source of light and heat for our planet. While there are billions of other stars in the universe, the Sun's proximity to Earth makes it the nearest star.

Friction is the force that opposes the motion of objects in contact with each other. When we walk on the road, friction between our shoes and the ground helps us to have a firm grip and prevents slipping. It allows us to push against the ground and propel ourselves forward, making walking easier and safer. Therefore, the statement "Friction helps us to walk easily on the road" is true.

Earth is the correct answer because it is the only option that has air, water, and land. The Sun is a star and does not have a solid surface or water, while the Moon does not have an atmosphere or significant amounts of liquid water. Earth, on the other hand, has all three components - air in the form of the atmosphere, water in the form of oceans and other bodies of water, and land in the form of continents and islands. Therefore, Earth is the only option that satisfies the condition of having air, water, and land.

Magma originates in the mantle. The mantle is the layer of the Earth located between the crust and the core. It is composed of solid rock that is extremely hot and under high pressure. Magma forms when this rock melts due to the intense heat and pressure. It then rises towards the surface through cracks and vents in the crust, eventually erupting as lava during volcanic activity. Therefore, the mantle is the source of magma.

The statement is correct because the environment refers to the surroundings in which we live, including the natural and physical surroundings, as well as the social and cultural factors that influence our lives. It encompasses everything from the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we inhabit, and the interactions we have with other living beings. Therefore, it is true to say that the surrounding in which we live is called our environment.

Neil Armstrong is the correct answer because he was the first man to step on the moon. On July 20, 1969, Armstrong, along with Buzz Aldrin, became the first astronauts to land on the moon as part of NASA's Apollo 11 mission. Armstrong famously took the first step onto the lunar surface and uttered the iconic words, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." His historic achievement marked a significant milestone in human space exploration.

Magma released from the volcano is called lava. Lava is the molten rock that erupts from a volcano or fissure onto the Earth's surface. It is typically very hot and can flow or explode depending on its viscosity and gas content. Lava can solidify into various forms such as basalt, obsidian, or pumice, depending on its composition and cooling rate.

A greenhouse is a structure specifically designed to house and cultivate plants. It is typically made of glass or transparent materials to allow sunlight to enter and create a warm and controlled environment for plant growth. The given phrase "House for plants, made for glass" perfectly describes a greenhouse, as it emphasizes its purpose of providing a sheltered space for plants and its characteristic construction using glass materials.

Carbon dioxide and ozone are classified as greenhouse gases because they have the ability to trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb and emit infrared radiation, which leads to the greenhouse effect. This effect is responsible for regulating the Earth's temperature and keeping it habitable. Carbon dioxide is mainly produced by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, while ozone is formed naturally in the atmosphere and also as a result of human activities like industrial pollution. Both gases contribute to global warming and climate change.

A tsunami is a natural calamity that occurs as a result of an underwater earthquake. When the earth's crust shifts beneath the ocean, it causes a sudden displacement of water, resulting in massive ocean waves known as tsunamis. These waves can travel across vast distances and cause widespread destruction when they reach coastal areas. Tsunamis are often characterized by their immense power and ability to cause devastation to both human lives and the environment.

Dumping of solid waste in the soil causes land pollution. This is because when solid waste is disposed of improperly, it can contaminate the soil, making it unsuitable for agriculture and other purposes. The waste can release harmful chemicals and toxins into the soil, which can seep into groundwater and nearby water bodies, causing water pollution as well. Additionally, the accumulation of solid waste on the land can create unsightly and unhygienic conditions, leading to the degradation of the environment and the loss of biodiversity. Therefore, the dumping of solid waste in the soil is a major contributor to land pollution.

A greenhouse is made of glass because glass allows sunlight to pass through and traps the heat inside, creating a warm and controlled environment for plants to grow. Glass also provides insulation and protection from external elements while allowing visibility. Wood and bricks may be used for the structure of the greenhouse, but the main material that allows for the greenhouse effect is glass. Ice is not a suitable material for a greenhouse as it would melt and not provide the necessary insulation and transparency.

The statement is true because our environment refers to the external conditions, influences, and surroundings in which we live. It includes both natural and man-made elements such as air, water, land, plants, animals, buildings, and other structures. Our environment plays a crucial role in shaping our lives and has a direct impact on our health and well-being. Therefore, it is important to understand and take care of our environment to ensure a sustainable and healthy future.

Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, have the property of trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere. This is known as the greenhouse effect. These gases allow sunlight to pass through the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface, but they prevent some of the heat from escaping back into space. This trapping of heat leads to an increase in the Earth's temperature, causing global warming and climate change. Therefore, the statement "Greenhouse gases have the property of trapping heat" is true.

The Sun is made up of hydrogen and helium. This is because the Sun is a massive ball of gas, primarily composed of hydrogen (about 74% of its mass) and helium (about 24% of its mass). These two elements undergo nuclear fusion in the Sun's core, releasing immense amounts of energy in the form of light and heat. This fusion process is what powers the Sun and allows it to emit light and heat that sustains life on Earth.

Glass is a commonly used material for the walls of a greenhouse due to its transparency and ability to allow sunlight to enter the structure. It creates a controlled environment by trapping heat inside, which is essential for plant growth. Glass also provides insulation and protection from external elements while allowing plants to receive the necessary sunlight for photosynthesis. Therefore, glass is an ideal material choice for greenhouse walls.

When an opaque object comes in the path of light, it blocks the passage of light, resulting in the formation of a shadow. Opaque objects do not allow light to pass through them, causing them to cast a distinct shadow on the surface behind them. This is in contrast to transparent or translucent objects, which allow light to pass through partially or completely, resulting in a different effect on the formation of shadows.

Neil Armstrong is widely recognized as the first man to step on the Moon. On July 20, 1969, as part of NASA's Apollo 11 mission, Armstrong became the first astronaut to set foot on the lunar surface. This historic moment marked a significant achievement in human space exploration and solidified Armstrong's place in history. His famous quote, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," has become iconic and symbolizes the remarkable feat of landing on the Moon.

The nervous system is responsible for controlling and coordinating all other body systems and sense organs. It receives and processes information from the senses, sends signals to muscles and organs, and regulates bodily functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. Without the nervous system, the body would not be able to respond to stimuli, communicate internally, or maintain homeostasis. Therefore, the statement that the nervous system controls all other body systems and sense organs is true.

The brain is the control center of our body as it is responsible for coordinating and controlling all bodily functions. It receives and processes information from our senses, allowing us to perceive and interact with the world around us. It also regulates and controls our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Additionally, the brain controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. Without the brain, our body would not be able to function properly or survive.

Reflex actions are rapid and involuntary responses to stimuli. These actions do not require conscious thought or decision-making processes. The spinal cord plays a crucial role in controlling reflex actions as it acts as a relay station between the sensory neurons and motor neurons. When a stimulus is detected by sensory neurons, the information is quickly transmitted to the spinal cord. The spinal cord then immediately sends signals to the appropriate muscles to produce the reflex action, bypassing the brain. This allows for swift and automatic responses to potentially harmful or dangerous situations.

The ear is composed of three main parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the visible part of the ear, known as the pinna, and the ear canal. The middle ear contains the eardrum and three small bones called the ossicles, which transmit sound vibrations. The inner ear includes the cochlea, responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals, and the vestibular system, which helps with balance and spatial orientation. Overall, the ear has three distinct parts that work together to facilitate hearing and balance.

The nose is the organ that helps us to breathe and smell. It is located in the middle of the face, above the mouth. The nose contains two nostrils which allow air to enter and exit the body, facilitating the process of breathing. Additionally, the nose is lined with olfactory receptors that enable us to detect and identify different smells. These receptors send signals to the brain, allowing us to perceive and differentiate various scents. Overall, the nose plays a crucial role in our respiratory system and our sense of smell.

The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is the thinnest layer and is made up of solid rock. It is divided into two types: continental crust and oceanic crust. The continental crust is thicker and less dense, while the oceanic crust is thinner and more dense. The crust is where we live and is the layer that we interact with on a daily basis. It is also where most geological processes, such as earthquakes and volcanic activity, occur.

The innermost layer of the Earth is called the core. It is located beneath the mantle and is primarily composed of iron and nickel. The core is divided into two parts: the outer core and the inner core. The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid. The core plays a crucial role in generating Earth's magnetic field and is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates.

Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, have the ability to absorb and re-emit infrared radiation, which is responsible for trapping heat in the atmosphere. When there are more greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere, they can trap and hold more heat, leading to an increase in the overall temperature of the Earth's surface. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect. Therefore, the correct answer is heat.

Oxygen supports burning because it is a highly reactive gas that readily combines with other substances, including fuel, in a process called combustion. During combustion, oxygen molecules react with the fuel molecules, releasing energy in the form of heat and light. This is why oxygen is necessary for combustion to occur and why it is commonly used in fire safety measures such as fire extinguishers, which displace oxygen to extinguish flames. Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium do not support burning as they are chemically inert and do not readily react with other substances.

A vent is a term used to describe an opening or passage through which gases, lava, and other volcanic materials are emitted from a volcano. In the context of a vertical tunnel in a volcano, a vent would be the correct answer as it accurately represents the pathway or channel through which volcanic activity occurs. The vent allows for the release of pressure and expulsion of volcanic materials from the volcano's interior to the surface.

A seismograph is an instrument used to record shock waves, such as those caused by earthquakes or explosions. It consists of a suspended mass with a pen attached to it, which moves along with the ground motion during a seismic event. As the ground shakes, the pen records the movement on a rotating drum or a piece of paper. This allows scientists to analyze the characteristics of the shock wave, such as its amplitude, frequency, and duration, which can provide valuable information about the event that caused it. Therefore, a seismograph is the correct instrument for recording shock waves.

The innermost layer of the Earth is called the core. The core is composed primarily of iron and nickel and is divided into two parts: the inner core and the outer core. The inner core is solid, while the outer core is liquid. The core plays a crucial role in the Earth's magnetic field and is responsible for generating the heat that drives plate tectonics and volcanic activity.

The correct answer is "Moon" because the Moon is Earth's natural satellite. It orbits around the Earth and is the fifth-largest satellite in the solar system. The Moon plays a significant role in various natural phenomena on Earth, such as tides. It also has a significant impact on human culture and has been a subject of fascination and exploration for centuries.

The ball and socket joint allows maximum movement because it consists of a rounded head of one bone fitting into a cup-like socket of another bone. This structure allows for a wide range of motion in multiple directions, including rotation and circumduction. The gliding joint allows limited sliding or gliding movement between bones, the pivot joint allows rotational movement around a central axis, and the hinge joint allows movement in only one direction, like a door hinge. Therefore, the ball and socket joint provides the greatest degree of movement among the given options.

Oxygen is needed for combustion to occur, which is the chemical reaction that takes place during a fire. When a fire burns, it requires a continuous supply of oxygen to sustain the reaction. Without oxygen, the fire cannot continue to burn and will eventually be extinguished. Therefore, it is true that oxygen is needed for putting out a fire.

A table is not a source of sound energy. Sound energy is produced by vibrating objects, such as musical instruments, speakers, or vocal cords. A table does not have the ability to vibrate and produce sound waves, so it cannot be a source of sound energy.

Air exerts pressure because it is made up of molecules that are constantly moving and colliding with each other and with surfaces around them. These collisions create a force that is exerted on the surfaces, which we perceive as pressure. The pressure exerted by air can be felt when we experience wind or when we blow up a balloon. It is also responsible for phenomena such as atmospheric pressure, which affects weather patterns and the functioning of our respiratory system.

The ozone layer is located in the stratosphere. The stratosphere is the second layer of the Earth's atmosphere, located above the troposphere. It extends from about 10 to 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface. The ozone layer is a region within the stratosphere where the concentration of ozone molecules is relatively high. It plays a crucial role in absorbing and filtering out harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, protecting life on Earth.

The medulla is a part of the brainstem that controls various involuntary actions in the body, such as breathing and digestion. It regulates these essential functions without conscious effort or control from the individual. The medulla also plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by monitoring and adjusting blood pressure, heart rate, and other vital functions. Its involuntary control over these actions ensures the body's survival and proper functioning.

Impurities can be removed by evaporation because when a substance is soluble, it means that it can dissolve in a solvent. By heating the solution and evaporating the solvent, the dissolved impurities will be left behind, resulting in a purified substance.

In the exosphere, the air is very thin. This is because the exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere, extending beyond the thermosphere. It is composed of extremely low-density particles, such as hydrogen and helium, which are sparsely distributed. Due to the lack of gravitational pull at this altitude, the particles are able to escape into space more easily, resulting in a very thin atmosphere.

Distilled water is used in car batteries to serve as an electrolyte. The electrolyte helps facilitate the chemical reactions that occur within the battery, allowing it to produce and store electrical energy. Distilled water is preferred for this purpose because it is free from impurities and minerals that could interfere with the battery's performance. Using tap water or other types of water can lead to the buildup of mineral deposits on the battery plates, reducing its efficiency and lifespan.

Carbon dioxide is commonly used in fire extinguishers because it is a non-flammable gas that can displace oxygen, effectively suffocating the fire. When released from the extinguisher, carbon dioxide forms a dense cloud that covers the fire, cutting off its oxygen supply and extinguishing it. Additionally, carbon dioxide does not leave any residue or damage to the surrounding area, making it a safe and effective choice for fire suppression.

The part of the nervous system that acts like a telephone wire is the nerves. Nerves are responsible for transmitting signals or messages between different parts of the body, similar to how a telephone wire carries information from one location to another. They serve as the communication network of the nervous system, allowing information to be relayed quickly and efficiently throughout the body.

Evaporation is a method used for removing soluble impurities from a solution. It involves heating the solution to a high temperature, causing the solvent to evaporate and leaving behind the impurities in the form of solid residue. This process is effective for separating substances with a large difference in boiling points. Distillation, on the other hand, is a method used for separating two or more liquids with different boiling points. It involves heating the mixture to vaporize the component with the lower boiling point, then cooling and condensing the vapor to collect the purified liquid. While both methods involve the removal of impurities, evaporation is specifically used for removing soluble impurities from a solution.

Boiling is the simplest and most effective method of purifying drinking water. When water is boiled, it reaches a temperature that kills most types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites that may be present. Boiling also helps to remove any chemical contaminants that may be present in the water. This process is easy to do and does not require any special equipment or chemicals. Therefore, boiling is a reliable and accessible method for purifying drinking water, making it the correct answer.

Cholera is a waterborne disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted through contaminated water or food, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. The bacteria produce toxins that cause severe diarrhea and vomiting, leading to dehydration and potentially death if left untreated. Jaundice, on the other hand, is not directly caused by drinking dirty water. It is a symptom of various underlying conditions, such as liver disease or hepatitis, which can be transmitted through contaminated water but are not exclusively caused by it.

Jaundice is a disease that can be caused by drinking dirty water contaminated with certain viruses, bacteria, or parasites. It is characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to the buildup of bilirubin in the body. Cholera, on the other hand, is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and is typically transmitted through contaminated water or food. It leads to severe diarrhea and dehydration. Both diseases highlight the importance of clean and safe drinking water to prevent waterborne illnesses.

The statement is true because the Sun is indeed the star that is closest to the Earth. The Sun is located about 93 million miles away from Earth, and it provides heat, light, and energy to our planet. While there are billions of other stars in the universe, the Sun's proximity to Earth makes it the nearest star.

The given statement is incorrect. Cardiac muscles are actually involuntary in action. Unlike skeletal muscles, which are under conscious control, cardiac muscles work automatically and continuously to pump blood throughout the body. This involuntary nature allows the heart to perform its vital function without conscious effort or control from the individual.

A tsunami is caused by an undersea earthquake. When an earthquake occurs beneath the ocean floor, it can generate powerful seismic waves that travel through the water. These waves can then propagate across the ocean, causing a tsunami. The earthquake displaces a large amount of water, creating a series of waves that can travel at high speeds across vast distances. As the waves approach shallow water near the coastline, they can increase in height and cause devastating damage upon reaching land. Therefore, an undersea earthquake is the primary cause of a tsunami.

The Moon is not an artificial satellite because it is a natural satellite of the Earth. It orbits the Earth due to the force of gravity and has been present since the formation of the Earth. Artificial satellites, on the other hand, are man-made objects that are intentionally placed into orbit around the Earth for various purposes such as communication, weather monitoring, and scientific research. Sputnik 1, Aryabhata, and Bhaskara are all examples of artificial satellites that have been launched into space by humans.

Land is not completely unaffected by pollution. Pollution can have various negative impacts on land, such as soil contamination, water pollution from runoff, and air pollution affecting vegetation. Industrial activities, improper waste disposal, and the use of harmful chemicals can all contribute to land pollution. Therefore, the statement that land is not affected by pollution is false.

Water pollution is not caused by loud noise of machines and vehicles. Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, by harmful substances like chemicals, sewage, and waste. While noise pollution can have negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems, it does not directly cause water pollution. Water pollution is primarily caused by human activities such as industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal.

The given answer, "air pollution," is correct because pollution caused by industries and vehicles is a major contributor to the deterioration of air quality. Industrial activities release harmful pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere. Similarly, vehicle emissions from exhaust fumes release pollutants like carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. These pollutants contaminate the air we breathe, leading to air pollution.

The statement "The nervous system consists of the brain only" is incorrect. The nervous system is a complex network that includes not only the brain but also the spinal cord and a vast network of nerves throughout the body. The brain is indeed a crucial component of the nervous system, but it does not encompass the entire system on its own. The spinal cord plays a vital role in transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body, while the nerves facilitate communication between different parts of the body and the brain.

Oxygen is the correct answer because it is a highly reactive gas that readily combines with other substances, including fuel, to support combustion. When oxygen is present, it reacts with the fuel and releases energy in the form of heat and light. This process is essential for burning to occur. Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium do not support burning as they are relatively inert gases and do not readily react with other substances.

The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining the balance of our body. It receives information from various sensory systems, including the inner ear, to coordinate and regulate movements. It plays a crucial role in controlling posture, muscle tone, and coordination, ensuring that we can stand, walk, and perform other motor activities without falling or losing balance. The cerebellum also helps in fine-tuning movements and adjusting them based on sensory feedback, making it an essential part of our motor control system.

The iris is the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It is responsible for controlling the amount of light that enters the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil. The iris contains muscles that contract or expand to regulate the size of the pupil, allowing more or less light to reach the retina. This helps to protect the delicate structures of the eye from excessive light and maintain clear vision in different lighting conditions.

Magma is a molten rock material that is formed beneath the Earth's surface. It is generated from the partial melting of the mantle, which is the layer located between the crust and the outer core. The mantle consists of semi-solid rock material that experiences high temperatures and pressure, causing some of it to melt and form magma. This magma then rises towards the Earth's surface through cracks and fractures in the crust, eventually leading to volcanic eruptions or forming igneous rocks when it cools and solidifies.

The surface of the moon is covered with craters and mountains. Craters are large, bowl-shaped depressions formed by the impact of meteoroids on the moon's surface. They are the result of billions of years of bombardment by space debris. These craters are scattered all over the moon and vary in size and shape. Additionally, the moon also has mountains, which are formed due to the moon's volcanic activity in the past. These mountains are much larger than the craters and add to the diverse topography of the moon's surface.

The question asks for two examples of greenhouse gases, and the correct answer is methane. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that is released from various sources, including natural processes and human activities. It is produced during the decomposition of organic matter, such as in landfills and livestock farming. Methane has a much higher global warming potential compared to carbon dioxide, although it is present in lower concentrations in the atmosphere. Therefore, it is crucial to address methane emissions to mitigate climate change.

Ozone protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun. Ozone is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms and is found in the Earth's stratosphere. It acts as a shield, absorbing most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation before it reaches the Earth's surface. This is important because excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays can cause various health issues such as skin cancer, cataracts, and weakened immune system. Therefore, the presence of ozone in the atmosphere is crucial for protecting life on Earth from the harmful effects of UV radiation.

The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, extending from the surface up to about 7-15 kilometers. It's where weather occurs, and it contains most of the atmosphere's mass, including the air we breathe. The continents and oceans form the Earth's surface, which lies at the base of the troposphere.

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Magma is the correct answer because it is a molten rock substance that originates in the mantle. The mantle is a layer of the Earth's interior located between the crust and the core. Magma is formed through the melting of rock materials in the mantle due to high temperatures and pressure. It can then rise to the Earth's surface through volcanic activity, where it is called lava.

The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. It is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, and voluntary movements. It is divided into two hemispheres and is made up of different lobes, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. The cerebrum plays a crucial role in processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and coordinating complex mental processes.

Alum can improve the rate of sedimentation because it acts as a flocculant, causing suspended particles in a liquid to come together and form larger, heavier particles. These larger particles settle more quickly, leading to faster sedimentation. Alum is commonly used in water treatment processes to remove impurities and clarify the water.

Distillation is the process used to obtain the purest form of water. It involves heating the water to its boiling point, causing it to evaporate. The vapor is then collected and condensed back into a liquid, leaving behind impurities and contaminants. This method is effective in removing minerals, chemicals, and other pollutants, resulting in water that is free from impurities and safe for consumption.

Ears and nose are made up of cartilages. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that provides structure and support to various parts of the body. It is softer and more flexible than bone, making it ideal for shaping and forming the external structures of the ears and nose. Cartilage also helps to protect delicate structures like the inner ear and nasal passages. Unlike bones, cartilages do not contain blood vessels or nerves, which allows them to withstand pressure and maintain their shape.

Distillation is a method used for removing soluble impurities from a liquid mixture. It involves heating the mixture to vaporize the liquid with the lower boiling point, leaving behind the impurities. The vapor is then condensed and collected as a purified liquid. This process is effective for separating substances with different boiling points, allowing for the removal of impurities that have higher boiling points than the desired substance. Evaporation, on the other hand, is a process that involves heating a solution to remove the solvent, but it does not separate impurities based on their boiling points. Therefore, distillation is the more suitable method for removing soluble impurities.

The outer core is the correct answer because it is the layer of the Earth that contains molten iron and nickel. This layer is located beneath the Earth's mantle and surrounds the solid inner core. The high temperatures and pressures in the outer core cause the iron and nickel to exist in a liquid state. This molten material is responsible for generating Earth's magnetic field through the process of convection.

Oxygen is not a greenhouse gas because it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming. Oxygen is a crucial component of the Earth's atmosphere, but it does not have the same properties as greenhouse gases and does not contribute to the warming of the planet.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are used in air conditioners. CFCs were commonly used as refrigerants in air conditioning systems because of their low boiling point and stability. However, it was later discovered that CFCs contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer. As a result, their use has been phased out and replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives.

The thin layer of air around the Sun is called the corona. The corona is the outermost part of the Sun's atmosphere and is visible during a total solar eclipse as a faint, pearly white glow surrounding the darkened disk of the Moon. It is composed of extremely hot ionized gas, with temperatures reaching millions of degrees Celsius. The corona is also responsible for the solar wind, a stream of charged particles that continuously flows outward from the Sun into space.

Narcondam is a dormant volcano. A dormant volcano is a volcano that is currently not erupting but has the potential to erupt again in the future. This means that the volcano is currently in a state of rest, but it still has a supply of magma beneath the surface. Narcondam being a dormant volcano suggests that it has not erupted recently, but it could potentially become active again in the future.

Aryabhata is considered to be India's first satellite. It was launched on 19 April 1975 from Kapustin Yar, a Russian rocket launch and development site. This satellite was named after the famous Indian mathematician and astronomer, Aryabhata. It was designed to collect data on solar X-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays. Aryabhata played a crucial role in kick-starting India's space program and paved the way for future satellite missions.

Sputnik 1 was the first satellite ever launched into space. It was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 1 was a small, spherical satellite that orbited the Earth and transmitted radio signals back to Earth. Its launch marked the beginning of the Space Age and the start of the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States. Sputnik 1's successful launch had a significant impact on the world, leading to increased investment in space exploration and the development of new technologies.

The inner core of the Earth is made up of iron because it is the densest part of the Earth. It is believed to be a solid ball of mostly iron and nickel, with smaller amounts of other elements. This is supported by seismic data and the behavior of seismic waves as they pass through the Earth. The high pressure in the inner core keeps the iron solid despite its extremely high temperature.

Natural calamities, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods, are caused by natural forces and processes that are beyond human control. Despite advances in technology and scientific understanding, humans do not have the ability to prevent or stop these natural disasters from occurring. While humans can take measures to mitigate the impact of these calamities and improve preparedness, ultimately, they cannot stop them from happening.

A seismograph is an instrument used to record shock waves, such as those caused by earthquakes or explosions. It consists of a sensitive detector, called a seismometer, which measures the ground motion caused by these waves. The seismograph then converts this motion into a graphical representation, known as a seismogram, which can be used to analyze and study the characteristics of the waves. By recording and analyzing shock waves, seismographs provide valuable information about the location, magnitude, and intensity of seismic events, aiding in the understanding and prediction of earthquakes.

The Richter Scale is a logarithmic scale used to measure the intensity of earthquakes. It assigns a numerical value to the seismic energy released during an earthquake, with each whole number increase representing a tenfold increase in amplitude and approximately 31.6 times more energy release. This scale is widely recognized and used by seismologists to compare the magnitude of different earthquakes and assess their potential impact on structures and populations.

Active volcanoes are the correct answer because they are the type of volcanoes that have erupted recently or are expected to erupt in the future. These volcanoes are characterized by ongoing volcanic activity, such as the release of gases, lava flows, and occasional eruptions. They pose a potential threat as they can erupt at any time, making them dangerous and unpredictable. Therefore, active volcanoes are the most suitable explanation for the given statement.

Aryabhata is considered India's first satellite because it was the first satellite launched by India into space. It was named after the ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer, Aryabhata. Launched on April 19, 1975, Aryabhata played a significant role in establishing India's presence in the field of space exploration. It was primarily a scientific satellite designed to study cosmic X-rays and solar physics. Its successful launch and operation paved the way for future space missions by India, making it a significant milestone in the country's space program.

The given correct answer for this question is "water pollution". This answer accurately explains the type of pollution caused by releasing wastes into water bodies. Water pollution refers to the contamination of water resources, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, by harmful substances or pollutants. These pollutants can include industrial waste, sewage, chemicals, and oil spills. The release of such wastes into water bodies leads to the degradation of water quality, harming aquatic life and posing risks to human health.

Oxygen is needed for fire to burn, and when oxygen is removed or reduced, the fire will be extinguished. This is why firefighters use fire extinguishers that displace or remove oxygen from the fire source. Oxygen supports combustion by providing the necessary fuel for the fire to sustain itself. Therefore, it is true that oxygen is needed for putting out fire.

The statement is incorrect. Magma released out from a volcano is not called "crator." The correct term for the material that is released from a volcano is "lava." Magma refers to the molten rock beneath the Earth's surface, while lava is the magma that reaches the surface during a volcanic eruption. Therefore, the given statement is false.

Air pollution is caused by vehicles and industries. Vehicles emit pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, which contribute to poor air quality. Industries release pollutants into the air through their manufacturing processes and emissions from power plants. These pollutants can include sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals. Overall, the activities of vehicles and industries contribute significantly to air pollution, making it the type of pollution caused by them.

A seismograph is an instrument used to measure earthquakes. It consists of a base that is firmly anchored to the ground and a free-hanging pendulum or mass suspended from it. When an earthquake occurs, the ground shakes, causing the base to move while the suspended mass remains stationary due to inertia. The relative motion between the base and the mass is recorded on a rotating drum or a digital display, producing a graphical representation of the earthquake's intensity and duration. This allows scientists to study and analyze seismic activity, helping to understand earthquakes and their impact on the Earth's surface.

Aftershocks are smaller tremors that follow a larger earthquake or main shock. They occur as the Earth's crust adjusts to the displacement caused by the initial earthquake. Aftershocks can continue for days, weeks, or even months after the main shock, gradually decreasing in frequency and intensity. These smaller tremors are a common occurrence and can sometimes be as damaging as the initial earthquake, causing further destruction and posing risks to already weakened structures.

Ozone is not considered a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Ozone, on the other hand, is a molecule that is crucial in the Earth's stratosphere, where it forms a protective layer that shields us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. While ozone can have negative effects on human health at ground level, it does not contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide and methane, on the other hand, are well-known greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.

The given statement is true. Human beings have the ability to mitigate the impact of natural calamities through various measures. For example, early warning systems, disaster preparedness plans, and infrastructure development can help in minimizing the damage caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods. Additionally, human activities can also contribute to the prevention of certain types of natural calamities, such as wildfires, by practicing responsible behavior and taking necessary precautions. While humans cannot completely stop natural calamities from occurring, their actions can certainly help in reducing their impact and protecting lives and property.

A crater is an opening at the top of a volcano. It is formed when the volcano erupts and releases gases, ash, and lava. The eruption causes the top of the volcano to collapse inward, creating a bowl-shaped depression. This depression is known as a crater. It is through this opening that volcanic materials are ejected during an eruption. The crater provides a pathway for the release of pressure and allows magma, gases, and other volcanic materials to escape from the volcano.

Pollution caused by the dumping of solid wastes in land refers to the contamination of soil due to the improper disposal of solid waste materials. This can include various types of waste such as plastics, chemicals, metals, and organic matter. When these wastes are dumped in landfills or other areas without proper management, they can release harmful substances into the soil, leading to pollution. This pollution can have detrimental effects on the environment, including the contamination of groundwater, damage to ecosystems, and negative impacts on human health.

Reflex actions are not controlled by the brain. They are automatic responses to stimuli that are mediated by the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. The brain may receive information about the reflex action after it has occurred, but it does not control the reflex itself.

Light is a form of energy that enables us to see things. When light is emitted or reflected off an object and enters our eyes, it stimulates the receptors in our retina, allowing us to perceive the object and its features. Without light, our surroundings would be completely dark, and we would not be able to see anything. Therefore, the statement "Energy helps us to see things" is referring to the energy of light.

Space shuttles orbit in the thermosphere because it is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is closest to outer space. The thermosphere is located above the mesosphere and extends from about 80 kilometers above the Earth's surface to the exosphere. It is characterized by high temperatures and low air density. Space shuttles orbit in this layer because it allows them to be above most of the Earth's atmosphere, minimizing atmospheric drag and allowing for smoother and more efficient orbits.

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane, have the ability to trap heat from the sun. This process is known as the greenhouse effect. When there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, they can trap more heat, resulting in an increase in temperature on Earth. This is why it is important to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the effects of climate change.

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A pulley is a simple machine that is used to change the direction of a force applied. It consists of a wheel with a grooved rim and a rope or cable that runs along the groove. When force is applied to one end of the rope, the pulley redirects the force in a different direction, allowing for easier lifting or moving of heavy objects. Therefore, a pulley is the correct answer to the question as it is specifically designed to change the direction of the force applied.

An earthquake is caused by shock waves. When there is a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, it creates seismic waves that travel through the Earth. These waves, known as shock waves, cause the ground to shake and result in an earthquake. The intensity and magnitude of the earthquake depend on the strength and distance of the shock waves.

Mount Erebus is not a dormant volcano, it is an active volcano. It is located in Antarctica and is the southernmost active volcano on Earth. It has been continuously active since its discovery in 1841, with frequent eruptions and a persistent lava lake in its summit crater. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Friction is the force that opposes the motion of objects in contact with each other. When we walk on the road, the friction between our feet and the ground helps us to maintain grip and prevent slipping. This allows us to push against the ground and propel ourselves forward, making it easier to walk. Therefore, the statement that friction helps us to walk easily on the road is true.

Gravity is the force that attracts objects to the center of the earth. It is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy are brought toward one another. Gravity is responsible for keeping objects on the surface of the earth and for the motion of celestial bodies in the universe. It is a fundamental force of nature that acts over long distances and is directly proportional to the masses of the objects involved.

The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus, which is the point inside the Earth where an earthquake begins. When an earthquake occurs, the energy is released from the focus and travels in the form of seismic waves, causing the ground to shake. The epicenter is the location where the seismic waves reach the surface, resulting in the strongest shaking and where the earthquake is typically felt the most.

The correct answer is "Focus". The focus refers to the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates. It is the exact location where the seismic energy is released and the rocks break or slip along a fault. The focus can be shallow, intermediate, or deep, depending on the depth at which the earthquake occurs. The epicenter, on the other hand, is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus. Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that occur after the main earthquake. Plates, in the context of earthquakes, refer to the tectonic plates that make up the Earth's surface and can cause earthquakes when they move or interact with each other.

The statement suggests that without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be very hot for life to exist. However, the correct answer is false. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that helps regulate the earth's temperature by trapping some of the sun's heat in the atmosphere. Without the greenhouse effect, the earth would actually be much colder, making it difficult for life as we know it to survive.

The statement suggests that without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be very hot for life to exist. However, this is incorrect. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that helps regulate the earth's temperature by trapping heat in the atmosphere. Without it, the earth would actually be too cold for life to exist, as the greenhouse effect helps maintain a habitable temperature range. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Mount Erebus is not a dormant volcano. It is an active volcano located in Antarctica. It is the southernmost active volcano on Earth and has been continuously active since its discovery in 1841. It is known for its persistent lava lake, making it one of the few volcanoes in the world with an active lava lake. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

The Moon is not an artificial satellite because it is a natural satellite of the Earth. It orbits around the Earth due to gravitational forces and has been present since the formation of the Earth. On the other hand, Sputnik 1, Aryabhata, and Bhaskara are all examples of artificial satellites that were intentionally launched into space by humans for various purposes such as communication, weather monitoring, and scientific research.

The troposphere is the first layer above the Earth's surface. It is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere and extends from the surface up to about 10-15 kilometers. This layer is where weather occurs and where most of the Earth's air mass is located. It contains the oxygen we breathe and provides the conditions necessary for life on Earth.

Ozone is a molecule composed of three oxygen atoms. It is found in the Earth's atmosphere, particularly in the ozone layer. The ozone layer acts as a protective shield, absorbing most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation can be harmful to living organisms, causing various health issues such as skin cancer, cataracts, and weakened immune systems. Therefore, the presence of ozone in the atmosphere is crucial for protecting us from the harmful effects of UV rays.

An earthquake is caused by shock waves. When the Earth's crust breaks or slips along a fault line, it releases a tremendous amount of energy in the form of seismic waves. These waves travel through the Earth, causing the ground to shake and resulting in an earthquake. The shock waves radiate outwards from the focus, which is the point where the earthquake originates underground. The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus. The seismograph is an instrument used to measure and record the intensity and duration of these shock waves.

The object on which work is done is referred to as the load. Work is defined as the transfer of energy to an object by the application of a force, and the load is the object that experiences this transfer of energy. In various fields such as physics and engineering, the term "load" is commonly used to describe the object or system that is being acted upon or manipulated.

Mechanical energy is classified into two types. This implies that there are two distinct forms or categories of mechanical energy. The question does not provide any additional information about the specific types of mechanical energy, but it is clear that there are only two options.

Scissors are an example of a first-class lever because they have a fulcrum (pivot point) located between the effort (force applied) and the load (object being cut). When pressure is applied to the handles (effort), the blades (load) move in opposite directions around the fulcrum, allowing for cutting or shearing action. This fulfills the criteria of a first-class lever, where the fulcrum is positioned between the effort and the load.

The given answer "extinct" is correct because an extinct volcano is a volcano that is no longer active and is unlikely to erupt again in the future. This means that the Judwaa volcano has ceased to show any signs of volcanic activity and is considered dormant or dead.

Freon is a type of gas that is commonly used in air conditioners. It is a colorless, odorless, and non-toxic gas that is known for its excellent heat transfer properties. Freon is used as a refrigerant in air conditioning systems to absorb heat from the indoor air and release it outside, thus cooling the room. It is preferred for its high efficiency and stability, making it a popular choice in the air conditioning industry.

Space shuttles orbit in the thermosphere because this layer of the Earth's atmosphere is located at an altitude of about 80 to 600 kilometers above the surface. It is the layer where the temperature increases with altitude due to the absorption of high-energy solar radiation. The thermosphere is also where the International Space Station (ISS) and other satellites orbit, as it provides a suitable environment for space travel and communication.

A crowbar is an example of a first-class lever because it has a fulcrum (the point where it pivots), an effort force (applied by the person using the crowbar), and a load force (the object being lifted or moved). In a first-class lever, the fulcrum is located between the effort force and the load force. When the effort force is applied to one end of the crowbar, it creates a turning effect around the fulcrum, allowing the load force to be lifted or moved. Therefore, a crowbar fits the criteria of a first-class lever.

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is the correct answer because it is a type of gas that has been traditionally used in air conditioners. CFCs are known for their ability to absorb and release heat, making them effective in cooling systems. However, CFCs have been found to contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer and have been phased out in many countries due to their harmful environmental effects.