Cj 300 Exam 2

The year in which DAT was published is 1947.

The major weakness of DAT is that it doesn't explain the process of learning. This means that it fails to provide an understanding of how individuals acquire knowledge and skills. While it may explain certain aspects of behavior and the sources of learning, it does not delve into the specific mechanisms and processes involved in the learning process.

SLT was published in 1966.

Ronald Akers is the correct answer because he remained committed to Social Learning Theory (SLT). Social Learning Theory emphasizes that individuals learn through observing others' behavior, attitudes, and outcomes. Akers was a prominent criminologist who contributed significantly to the development and application of SLT in the field of criminology. He expanded on Albert Bandura's original theory and developed the Social Learning Theory of Crime, which explains how criminal behavior is learned through social interactions and reinforcement. Akers' dedication to SLT and his contributions make him the correct answer in this context.

The statement is explaining that SLT (Social Learning Theory) is a better explanation than DAT (Drive Reduction Theory) because it includes the concept of rewards and punishments, as well as behavior modeling and imitation. This suggests that SLT provides a more comprehensive understanding of the learning process compared to DAT. Therefore, the answer "True" indicates that the statement is correct.

The correct answer is 1969 because it is the only option given that matches the year when SBT was published.

The two major weaknesses of Social Bond are attachment and involvement. Attachment refers to the emotional connection and bond that individuals have with others, such as family or friends. Weak attachment can lead to a lack of social support and a higher likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior. Involvement refers to the level of participation in conventional activities, such as school or work. Weak involvement can result in individuals having more free time and fewer commitments, making them more susceptible to engaging in delinquent or criminal behavior.

The General Theory of Crime is often referred to as the Low Self Control Theory. This theory suggests that individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in criminal behavior. It argues that individuals with low self-control have difficulty in resisting immediate gratification and are prone to impulsive actions. This theory has been widely studied in criminology and has gained significant attention in understanding criminal behavior. Hence, the given statement is true.

The correct answer is Tabla Rasa and Soft Determinism. Tabla Rasa refers to the assumption that individuals are born with a blank slate and their behavior is shaped by their environment. Soft Determinism suggests that while individuals have some free will, their actions are also influenced by external factors. This theory assumes that individuals may engage in deviant behavior as a result of experiencing strain or negative emotions, and that their behavior is not solely determined by their own choices.

Edwin Sutherland is the theorist of DAT (differential association theory). This theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others who engage in criminal activities. Sutherland believed that individuals become criminals when they are exposed to more definitions favorable to law violation than to law-abiding behavior. He emphasized the importance of peer influence and the transmission of criminal values and techniques. Sutherland's work has had a significant impact on the field of criminology and has contributed to our understanding of the social causes of crime.

The answer suggests that DAT (Differential Association Theory) explains criminal and delinquent behavior by emphasizing the role of learning definitions, norms, and values. According to this theory, individuals learn criminal behavior through their interactions with others who engage in such behavior, as well as through the acquisition of definitions that justify and support criminal actions. This explanation implies that criminal and delinquent behavior is not solely determined by individual characteristics or innate tendencies, but rather influenced by social interactions and the adoption of deviant norms and values.

The correct answer is Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess. Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess are well-known criminologists who developed the Social Learning Theory (SLT). This theory suggests that individuals learn criminal behavior through observation, imitation, and reinforcement. Akers and Burgess emphasized the role of social interactions and the influence of peers in shaping an individual's behavior. They believed that individuals are more likely to engage in criminal activities if they perceive rewards and benefits from doing so.

The correct answer is 1977 because this is the year in which the theorist presented SLT by himself.

SLT stands for Social Learning Theory. This theory suggests that individuals learn through observing others and imitating their behavior. It emphasizes the role of socialization and social interactions in shaping behavior. Therefore, the correct answer, "Crime and Criminal Behavior (Criminal Behavior)", aligns with SLT as it focuses on the influence of social factors on criminal behavior.

Hedonistic assumptions of human nature for social control theories suggest that individuals are driven by pleasure-seeking and pain-avoidance. According to this perspective, people are motivated to engage in behaviors that bring them pleasure and avoid behaviors that cause them pain. This assumption implies that individuals will make choices based on their own self-interest and seek immediate gratification. In the context of social control theories, this assumption suggests that individuals may engage in deviant or criminal behavior if they believe it will bring them pleasure or help them avoid pain.

Soft determinism is the correct answer because it is one of the assumptions of humane behavior for social control theories. Soft determinism suggests that while individuals have some level of free will, their behavior is also influenced by external factors and circumstances. This perspective acknowledges the existence of both personal choice and external determinants in shaping human behavior. It recognizes that individuals may have some control over their actions, but that they are also constrained by social, cultural, and environmental factors.

Travis Hirschi is the correct answer because he is a well-known social bond theorist. His theory, known as Social Bond Theory, suggests that individuals are less likely to engage in deviant behavior if they have strong social bonds to conventional society. Hirschi argues that the four elements of social bonds - attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief - play a crucial role in preventing individuals from engaging in criminal activities. His theory has had a significant impact on criminology and has been widely studied and applied in understanding and preventing delinquency.

The correct answer is "Causes of Delinquency." This book, written by Travis Hirschi in 1969, presents a comprehensive analysis of the factors that contribute to delinquent behavior among individuals. It explores various social, psychological, and environmental causes that may lead to delinquency, providing valuable insights into understanding and addressing this issue.

The correct answer is Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi. These two individuals are the theorists of the General Theory of Crime (GTC). The GTC proposes that low self-control is the main cause of criminal behavior. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in criminal activities due to their inability to resist immediate gratification and their lack of consideration for long-term consequences. They argue that this lack of self-control is developed during childhood and remains relatively stable throughout a person's life.

GTC, which stands for Graphics Technology Conference, was developed in 1990.

GTC stands for General Theory of Crime, which suggests that criminal behavior is a result of low self-control. Therefore, the theory focuses on the relationship between crime and criminal behavior, specifically emphasizing the role of behavior in criminal acts.

The age at which one's level of self-control begins to crystallize is 8 years. This suggests that around this age, children start to develop better self-regulation skills and have a greater ability to control their impulses and behavior. It is during this time that they become more capable of delaying gratification, making thoughtful decisions, and exhibiting self-discipline.

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay are the two theorists who developed the Social Disorganization Theory. This theory suggests that crime and deviance are a result of the breakdown of social institutions and the inability of a community to regulate behavior effectively. Shaw and McKay conducted extensive research in the 1920s and 1930s, studying crime rates in different neighborhoods in Chicago. They found that crime was concentrated in areas with high levels of poverty, unemployment, and residential instability, which they attributed to social disorganization. Their work laid the foundation for understanding the relationship between social factors and crime rates.

The given answer suggests that the concept of "Unclear" is associated with "Soft Determinism" in the context of SDT (presumably referring to Social Development Theory). However, without further information or clarification, it is difficult to fully understand the intended meaning behind this association.

The correct answer is "Crime and Criminal Behavior with emphasis on group differences." This type of theory, known as Social Disorganization Theory (SDT), focuses on the relationship between crime and the characteristics of a community or neighborhood. It suggests that crime rates are influenced by factors such as poverty, social disorganization, and the presence of delinquent peer groups. By emphasizing group differences, SDT highlights the importance of social and environmental factors in understanding criminal behavior.

Robert Park and Ernest Burgess are the two sociologists who developed the Concentric Zone Theory. This theory suggests that cities grow in a series of concentric rings, with the central business district at the center and various residential and industrial zones expanding outward. Park and Burgess argued that social and economic factors influenced the distribution of different social groups within the city, leading to the formation of distinct zones. Their theory had a significant impact on urban sociology and the study of urban development.

The concentric zone theory was published in 1925. This theory, developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess, suggests that cities grow in a series of concentric rings or zones, with the central business district at the center and residential areas expanding outward in a series of rings. Burgess's theory had a significant impact on urban sociology and the understanding of urban development and spatial patterns.

Robert Merton is the correct answer because he is a well-known sociologist who developed the theory of anomie. This theory suggests that societal norms and values can create strain and lead to deviant behavior when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means. Merton's theory of anomie has been influential in understanding the relationship between social structure, cultural goals, and individual behavior.

Anomie theory was developed in 1938. This theory, proposed by French sociologist Emile Durkheim, explores the breakdown of social norms and values in society. It suggests that when individuals are disconnected from societal norms, they may experience feelings of confusion, alienation, and a lack of purpose. Durkheim's work on anomie theory has had a significant influence on the field of sociology and continues to be relevant in understanding the social dynamics of modern societies.

Robert Agnew is the correct answer because he is the theorist behind the General Strain Theory. This theory suggests that individuals engage in criminal behavior as a result of experiencing strain or stress in their lives. Agnew argues that this strain can be caused by various factors such as the failure to achieve goals, the removal of positive stimuli, and the presence of negative stimuli. He believes that these strains can lead to negative emotions, such as anger or frustration, which in turn may lead individuals to engage in criminal activities as a way to cope with or alleviate these emotions.

Tabla Rasa is the correct answer because it refers to the concept that individuals are born with a blank slate and that their behavior is shaped by their experiences and environment. This theory suggests that human nature is not predetermined, but rather shaped by external factors. It emphasizes the role of social learning in shaping human behavior, as individuals learn and adapt their behavior based on their interactions and experiences with others.

Soft determinism is the belief that human behavior is influenced by both internal factors (such as genetics and personality) and external factors (such as social environment and culture). It suggests that while individuals have some degree of free will, their choices and actions are also constrained by these various factors. Soft determinism acknowledges the role of social learning theory (SLT) in shaping human behavior, as SLT emphasizes the influence of observing and imitating others in the process of learning. Therefore, soft determinism aligns with the idea that human behavior is influenced by a combination of internal and external factors, including social learning.

According to the Differential Association Theory (DAT), behavior results from learning definitions. This theory suggests that individuals learn behavior through their interactions with others, particularly in social groups. These learned definitions include the meanings, interpretations, and justifications for certain behaviors. By observing and interacting with others, individuals acquire these definitions and incorporate them into their own behavior. This theory emphasizes the role of socialization and the influence of social interactions in shaping behavior.

According to SLT (Social Learning Theory), behavior results from learning. This learning can occur through direct personal experiences (A) as well as through observation and imitation of others (B). Therefore, the correct answer is "Both A and B" because behavior can be influenced and shaped by both personal experiences and observing others.

The factor/element of DAT that provides behavioral motivation is Diff Associations and definitions. This means that the individual's motivation to engage in a behavior is influenced by the different associations and definitions they have formed in their mind. These associations and definitions can be positive or negative and can shape the individual's perception of the behavior and their motivation to engage in it.

Diff Reinforcement and Defs is the correct answer because it refers to the different types of reinforcement and their definitions that can provide behavioral motivation. Reinforcement is a key element in the Social Learning Theory (SLT) as it encourages individuals to imitate and learn from the behavior of others. By understanding the different types of reinforcement and their definitions, individuals can be motivated to engage in certain behaviors based on the consequences they may receive. This factor plays a crucial role in shaping behavior and promoting learning through observation and imitation.

The correct answer is "Crime and Criminal Behavior emphasis on individual criminal behavior". This theory focuses on studying the behavior of individual criminals and understanding the factors that contribute to their criminal actions. It examines the psychological, social, and environmental factors that influence an individual's decision to engage in criminal behavior. This theory seeks to explain why some individuals are more likely to commit crimes than others and how their behavior can be understood and prevented.

The correct answer is 1942. This suggests that SDT, which stands for Self-Determination Theory, was published in 1942.

The correct answer is 1985. This is the year in which the General Strain Theory was published.