Cj 300 Exam 2
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Human Nature of Social Learning Theories?
- A.
Hedonism
- B.
Tabla Rasa
- C.
Soft Determinism
- D.
Hard Determinism
Correct Answer
B. Tabla RasaExplanation
Tabla Rasa is the correct answer because it refers to the concept that individuals are born with a blank slate and that their behavior is shaped by their experiences and environment. This theory suggests that human nature is not predetermined, but rather shaped by external factors. It emphasizes the role of social learning in shaping human behavior, as individuals learn and adapt their behavior based on their interactions and experiences with others.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Human Behavior of Social Learning Theory (SLT)?
- A.
Hard Determinism
- B.
Soft Determinism
- C.
Tabla Rasa
- D.
Hedonism
Correct Answer
B. Soft DeterminismExplanation
Soft determinism is the belief that human behavior is influenced by both internal factors (such as genetics and personality) and external factors (such as social environment and culture). It suggests that while individuals have some degree of free will, their choices and actions are also constrained by these various factors. Soft determinism acknowledges the role of social learning theory (SLT) in shaping human behavior, as SLT emphasizes the influence of observing and imitating others in the process of learning. Therefore, soft determinism aligns with the idea that human behavior is influenced by a combination of internal and external factors, including social learning.Rate this question:
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- 3.
According to Differential Association Theory (DAT), behavior reslults from learning what?
- A.
Behavior
- B.
Definitions
- C.
Both A and B
- D.
None of the Above
Correct Answer
B. DefinitionsExplanation
According to the Differential Association Theory (DAT), behavior results from learning definitions. This theory suggests that individuals learn behavior through their interactions with others, particularly in social groups. These learned definitions include the meanings, interpretations, and justifications for certain behaviors. By observing and interacting with others, individuals acquire these definitions and incorporate them into their own behavior. This theory emphasizes the role of socialization and the influence of social interactions in shaping behavior.Rate this question:
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- 4.
According to SLT, behavior results from learning what?
- A.
Behavior
- B.
Definitions
- C.
Both A and B
- D.
None of the Above
Correct Answer
C. Both A and BExplanation
According to SLT (Social Learning Theory), behavior results from learning. This learning can occur through direct personal experiences (A) as well as through observation and imitation of others (B). Therefore, the correct answer is "Both A and B" because behavior can be influenced and shaped by both personal experiences and observing others.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Factor/Element of DAT that provides behavioral motivation?
- A.
Diff Associations and definitions
- B.
Diff Reinforcement
- C.
Definitions
- D.
Diff Reinforcement and Defs
Correct Answer
A. Diff Associations and definitionsExplanation
The factor/element of DAT that provides behavioral motivation is Diff Associations and definitions. This means that the individual's motivation to engage in a behavior is influenced by the different associations and definitions they have formed in their mind. These associations and definitions can be positive or negative and can shape the individual's perception of the behavior and their motivation to engage in it.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Factor/Element of SLT that provides behavioral motivation?
- A.
Diff Associations and Definitions
- B.
Diff Reinforcement
- C.
Imitation
- D.
Diff Reinforcement and Defs
Correct Answer
D. Diff Reinforcement and DefsExplanation
Diff Reinforcement and Defs is the correct answer because it refers to the different types of reinforcement and their definitions that can provide behavioral motivation. Reinforcement is a key element in the Social Learning Theory (SLT) as it encourages individuals to imitate and learn from the behavior of others. By understanding the different types of reinforcement and their definitions, individuals can be motivated to engage in certain behaviors based on the consequences they may receive. This factor plays a crucial role in shaping behavior and promoting learning through observation and imitation.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Who is the theorist of DAT?
- A.
Robert Burgess
- B.
Robert Park
- C.
Edwin Sutherland
- D.
Ronald Akers
Correct Answer
C. Edwin SutherlandExplanation
Edwin Sutherland is the theorist of DAT (differential association theory). This theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others who engage in criminal activities. Sutherland believed that individuals become criminals when they are exposed to more definitions favorable to law violation than to law-abiding behavior. He emphasized the importance of peer influence and the transmission of criminal values and techniques. Sutherland's work has had a significant impact on the field of criminology and has contributed to our understanding of the social causes of crime.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Type of Theory is DAT?
- A.
Law and Justice
- B.
Crime
- C.
Crime and Criminal Behavior emphasis on crime
- D.
Crime and Criminal Behavior emphasis on individual criminal behavior
Correct Answer
D. Crime and Criminal Behavior emphasis on individual criminal behaviorExplanation
The correct answer is "Crime and Criminal Behavior emphasis on individual criminal behavior". This theory focuses on studying the behavior of individual criminals and understanding the factors that contribute to their criminal actions. It examines the psychological, social, and environmental factors that influence an individual's decision to engage in criminal behavior. This theory seeks to explain why some individuals are more likely to commit crimes than others and how their behavior can be understood and prevented.Rate this question:
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- 9.
What year was DAT published?
- A.
1990
- B.
1947
- C.
1923
- D.
1977
Correct Answer
B. 1947Explanation
The year in which DAT was published is 1947.Rate this question:
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- 10.
How does DAT explain criminal and delinquent behavior?
- A.
You are learning behavior
- B.
Your learning Definitions (norms/values)
- C.
You are learning both of the above
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Your learning Definitions (norms/values)Explanation
The answer suggests that DAT (Differential Association Theory) explains criminal and delinquent behavior by emphasizing the role of learning definitions, norms, and values. According to this theory, individuals learn criminal behavior through their interactions with others who engage in such behavior, as well as through the acquisition of definitions that justify and support criminal actions. This explanation implies that criminal and delinquent behavior is not solely determined by individual characteristics or innate tendencies, but rather influenced by social interactions and the adoption of deviant norms and values.Rate this question:
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- 11.
THe major weakness of DAT?
- A.
Doesn't explain the process of learning
- B.
Doesn't explain your behavior
- C.
Doesn't explain who you learned from
- D.
None of the above.
Correct Answer
A. Doesn't explain the process of learningExplanation
The major weakness of DAT is that it doesn't explain the process of learning. This means that it fails to provide an understanding of how individuals acquire knowledge and skills. While it may explain certain aspects of behavior and the sources of learning, it does not delve into the specific mechanisms and processes involved in the learning process.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Who was the theorists of SLT?
- A.
Edwin Sutherland and Robert Merton
- B.
Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess
- C.
Robert Burgess and Ernest Burgess
- D.
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
Correct Answer
B. Ronald Akers and Robert BurgessExplanation
The correct answer is Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess. Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess are well-known criminologists who developed the Social Learning Theory (SLT). This theory suggests that individuals learn criminal behavior through observation, imitation, and reinforcement. Akers and Burgess emphasized the role of social interactions and the influence of peers in shaping an individual's behavior. They believed that individuals are more likely to engage in criminal activities if they perceive rewards and benefits from doing so.Rate this question:
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- 13.
What year was SLT published?
- A.
1966
- B.
1977
- C.
1990
- D.
1947
Correct Answer
A. 1966Explanation
SLT was published in 1966.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which theorist remained committed to SLT?
- A.
Robert Park
- B.
Robert Burgess
- C.
Ronald Akers
- D.
Henry McKay
Correct Answer
C. Ronald AkersExplanation
Ronald Akers is the correct answer because he remained committed to Social Learning Theory (SLT). Social Learning Theory emphasizes that individuals learn through observing others' behavior, attitudes, and outcomes. Akers was a prominent criminologist who contributed significantly to the development and application of SLT in the field of criminology. He expanded on Albert Bandura's original theory and developed the Social Learning Theory of Crime, which explains how criminal behavior is learned through social interactions and reinforcement. Akers' dedication to SLT and his contributions make him the correct answer in this context.Rate this question:
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- 15.
What year did the theorist present SLT by himself?
- A.
1977
- B.
1966
- C.
1987
- D.
1990
Correct Answer
A. 1977Explanation
The correct answer is 1977 because this is the year in which the theorist presented SLT by himself.Rate this question:
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- 16.
What type of theory is SLT?
- A.
Crime and Criminal Behavior (Criminal Behavior)
- B.
Law and Justice (Law)
- C.
Crime and Criminal Behavior (individual behavior)
- D.
Law and Justice (Justice)
Correct Answer
A. Crime and Criminal Behavior (Criminal Behavior)Explanation
SLT stands for Social Learning Theory. This theory suggests that individuals learn through observing others and imitating their behavior. It emphasizes the role of socialization and social interactions in shaping behavior. Therefore, the correct answer, "Crime and Criminal Behavior (Criminal Behavior)", aligns with SLT as it focuses on the influence of social factors on criminal behavior.Rate this question:
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- 17.
SLT extends DAT and is a better explanation than DAT because it more fully explains learning process by adding idea of rewards and punishments and notion of behavior modeling and imitating their behavior.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is explaining that SLT (Social Learning Theory) is a better explanation than DAT (Drive Reduction Theory) because it includes the concept of rewards and punishments, as well as behavior modeling and imitation. This suggests that SLT provides a more comprehensive understanding of the learning process compared to DAT. Therefore, the answer "True" indicates that the statement is correct.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Assumptions of Human Nature for Social Control Theories?
- A.
Tabla Rasa
- B.
Free Will
- C.
Soft Determinism
- D.
Hedonistic
Correct Answer
D. HedonisticExplanation
Hedonistic assumptions of human nature for social control theories suggest that individuals are driven by pleasure-seeking and pain-avoidance. According to this perspective, people are motivated to engage in behaviors that bring them pleasure and avoid behaviors that cause them pain. This assumption implies that individuals will make choices based on their own self-interest and seek immediate gratification. In the context of social control theories, this assumption suggests that individuals may engage in deviant or criminal behavior if they believe it will bring them pleasure or help them avoid pain.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Assumptions of Humane Behavior for Social Control Theories?
- A.
Free Will
- B.
Soft Determinism
- C.
Hedonistic
- D.
Tabla Rasa
Correct Answer
B. Soft DeterminismExplanation
Soft determinism is the correct answer because it is one of the assumptions of humane behavior for social control theories. Soft determinism suggests that while individuals have some level of free will, their behavior is also influenced by external factors and circumstances. This perspective acknowledges the existence of both personal choice and external determinants in shaping human behavior. It recognizes that individuals may have some control over their actions, but that they are also constrained by social, cultural, and environmental factors.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Social Bond Theorist?
- A.
Ronald Akers
- B.
Travis Hirschi
- C.
Robert Park
- D.
Henry Mckay
Correct Answer
B. Travis HirschiExplanation
Travis Hirschi is the correct answer because he is a well-known social bond theorist. His theory, known as Social Bond Theory, suggests that individuals are less likely to engage in deviant behavior if they have strong social bonds to conventional society. Hirschi argues that the four elements of social bonds - attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief - play a crucial role in preventing individuals from engaging in criminal activities. His theory has had a significant impact on criminology and has been widely studied and applied in understanding and preventing delinquency.Rate this question:
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- 21.
What year was SBT published?
- A.
1966
- B.
1969
- C.
1977
- D.
1990
Correct Answer
B. 1969Explanation
The correct answer is 1969 because it is the only option given that matches the year when SBT was published.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Name of Book in which SBT was first presented?
- A.
Causes of Crime
- B.
Causes of Criminal Behavior
- C.
Causes of Delinquency
- D.
Causes Law and Justice
Correct Answer
C. Causes of DelinquencyExplanation
The correct answer is "Causes of Delinquency." This book, written by Travis Hirschi in 1969, presents a comprehensive analysis of the factors that contribute to delinquent behavior among individuals. It explores various social, psychological, and environmental causes that may lead to delinquency, providing valuable insights into understanding and addressing this issue.Rate this question:
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- 23.
What are the two major weakness of Social Bond?
- A.
Attachment and Commitment
- B.
Attachment and Involvement
- C.
Belief and Involvement
- D.
Commitment and Belief
Correct Answer
B. Attachment and InvolvementExplanation
The two major weaknesses of Social Bond are attachment and involvement. Attachment refers to the emotional connection and bond that individuals have with others, such as family or friends. Weak attachment can lead to a lack of social support and a higher likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior. Involvement refers to the level of participation in conventional activities, such as school or work. Weak involvement can result in individuals having more free time and fewer commitments, making them more susceptible to engaging in delinquent or criminal behavior.Rate this question:
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- 24.
General Theory of Crime nickname is Low Self Control Theory
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The General Theory of Crime is often referred to as the Low Self Control Theory. This theory suggests that individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in criminal behavior. It argues that individuals with low self-control have difficulty in resisting immediate gratification and are prone to impulsive actions. This theory has been widely studied in criminology and has gained significant attention in understanding criminal behavior. Hence, the given statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Who are the theorist of GTC?
- A.
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
- B.
Travis Hirschi and Ronald Akers
- C.
Michael Gottfredson and Henry McKay
- D.
None of the Above
Correct Answer
A. Michael Gottfredson and Travis HirschiExplanation
The correct answer is Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi. These two individuals are the theorists of the General Theory of Crime (GTC). The GTC proposes that low self-control is the main cause of criminal behavior. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in criminal activities due to their inability to resist immediate gratification and their lack of consideration for long-term consequences. They argue that this lack of self-control is developed during childhood and remains relatively stable throughout a person's life.Rate this question:
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- 26.
What year was GTC developed?
- A.
1966
- B.
1977
- C.
1985
- D.
1990
Correct Answer
D. 1990Explanation
GTC, which stands for Graphics Technology Conference, was developed in 1990.Rate this question:
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- 27.
What type of theory is GTC?
- A.
Crime
- B.
Criminal Behavior
- C.
Crime and Criminal Behavior (crime)
- D.
Crime and Criminal Behavior (behavior)
Correct Answer
D. Crime and Criminal Behavior (behavior)Explanation
GTC stands for General Theory of Crime, which suggests that criminal behavior is a result of low self-control. Therefore, the theory focuses on the relationship between crime and criminal behavior, specifically emphasizing the role of behavior in criminal acts.Rate this question:
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- 28.
GTC - age that ones level of self control begins to crystalize?
- A.
7 years
- B.
8 years
- C.
9 years
- D.
10 years
Correct Answer
B. 8 yearsExplanation
The age at which one's level of self-control begins to crystallize is 8 years. This suggests that around this age, children start to develop better self-regulation skills and have a greater ability to control their impulses and behavior. It is during this time that they become more capable of delaying gratification, making thoughtful decisions, and exhibiting self-discipline.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Who are the two theorist that developed the Social Disorganization Theory?
- A.
Clifford Shaw and Ronald Akers
- B.
Ronald Akers and Henry McKay
- C.
Robert Park and Travis Hirschi
- D.
Clifford Shaw and Henry Mckay
Correct Answer
D. Clifford Shaw and Henry MckayExplanation
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay are the two theorists who developed the Social Disorganization Theory. This theory suggests that crime and deviance are a result of the breakdown of social institutions and the inability of a community to regulate behavior effectively. Shaw and McKay conducted extensive research in the 1920s and 1930s, studying crime rates in different neighborhoods in Chicago. They found that crime was concentrated in areas with high levels of poverty, unemployment, and residential instability, which they attributed to social disorganization. Their work laid the foundation for understanding the relationship between social factors and crime rates.Rate this question:
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- 30.
What year was SDT published?
- A.
1935
- B.
1942
- C.
1966
- D.
1977
Correct Answer
B. 1942Explanation
The correct answer is 1942. This suggests that SDT, which stands for Self-Determination Theory, was published in 1942.Rate this question:
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- 31.
SDT Human Nature and Behavior?
- A.
Unclear, Unclear
- B.
Unclear, Soft Determinism
- C.
Tabla Rasa, Hard Determinism
- D.
Hednostic, Unclear
Correct Answer
B. Unclear, Soft DeterminismExplanation
The given answer suggests that the concept of "Unclear" is associated with "Soft Determinism" in the context of SDT (presumably referring to Social Development Theory). However, without further information or clarification, it is difficult to fully understand the intended meaning behind this association.Rate this question:
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- 32.
SDT - Type of Theory?
- A.
Crime and Criminal Behavior with emphasis on group differences
- B.
Crime and Criminal Behavior with emphasis on behavior
- C.
Crime and Criminal Behavior with emphasis on individual differences
- D.
None
Correct Answer
A. Crime and Criminal Behavior with emphasis on group differencesExplanation
The correct answer is "Crime and Criminal Behavior with emphasis on group differences." This type of theory, known as Social Disorganization Theory (SDT), focuses on the relationship between crime and the characteristics of a community or neighborhood. It suggests that crime rates are influenced by factors such as poverty, social disorganization, and the presence of delinquent peer groups. By emphasizing group differences, SDT highlights the importance of social and environmental factors in understanding criminal behavior.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Who are the two sociologists that developed Concentric Zone Theory?
- A.
Robert Burgess and Ernest Burgess
- B.
Ron akers and robert park
- C.
Robert Park and Ernest Burgess
- D.
Ernest burgess and ron akers
Correct Answer
C. Robert Park and Ernest BurgessExplanation
Robert Park and Ernest Burgess are the two sociologists who developed the Concentric Zone Theory. This theory suggests that cities grow in a series of concentric rings, with the central business district at the center and various residential and industrial zones expanding outward. Park and Burgess argued that social and economic factors influenced the distribution of different social groups within the city, leading to the formation of distinct zones. Their theory had a significant impact on urban sociology and the study of urban development.Rate this question:
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- 34.
What year was the concentric zone published?
- A.
1925
- B.
1946
- C.
1966
- D.
1977
Correct Answer
A. 1925Explanation
The concentric zone theory was published in 1925. This theory, developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess, suggests that cities grow in a series of concentric rings or zones, with the central business district at the center and residential areas expanding outward in a series of rings. Burgess's theory had a significant impact on urban sociology and the understanding of urban development and spatial patterns.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Theory of Anomie theorist?
- A.
Robert Merton
- B.
Robert Park
- C.
Robert Burgess
- D.
Ron Akers
Correct Answer
A. Robert MertonExplanation
Robert Merton is the correct answer because he is a well-known sociologist who developed the theory of anomie. This theory suggests that societal norms and values can create strain and lead to deviant behavior when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means. Merton's theory of anomie has been influential in understanding the relationship between social structure, cultural goals, and individual behavior.Rate this question:
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- 36.
What year was Anomie theory developed?
- A.
1925
- B.
1938
- C.
1945
- D.
1966
Correct Answer
B. 1938Explanation
Anomie theory was developed in 1938. This theory, proposed by French sociologist Emile Durkheim, explores the breakdown of social norms and values in society. It suggests that when individuals are disconnected from societal norms, they may experience feelings of confusion, alienation, and a lack of purpose. Durkheim's work on anomie theory has had a significant influence on the field of sociology and continues to be relevant in understanding the social dynamics of modern societies.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Name of theorist of the General Strain Theory?
- A.
Robert Agnew
- B.
Ron Akers
- C.
Robert Parks
- D.
Robert Burgess
Correct Answer
A. Robert AgnewExplanation
Robert Agnew is the correct answer because he is the theorist behind the General Strain Theory. This theory suggests that individuals engage in criminal behavior as a result of experiencing strain or stress in their lives. Agnew argues that this strain can be caused by various factors such as the failure to achieve goals, the removal of positive stimuli, and the presence of negative stimuli. He believes that these strains can lead to negative emotions, such as anger or frustration, which in turn may lead individuals to engage in criminal activities as a way to cope with or alleviate these emotions.Rate this question:
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- 38.
What year was the General Strain Theory Published?
- A.
1966
- B.
1977
- C.
1985
- D.
1990
Correct Answer
C. 1985Explanation
The correct answer is 1985. This is the year in which the General Strain Theory was published.Rate this question:
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- 39.
General Strain Theory Assumptions?
- A.
Tabla Rasa and Soft Determeninsm
- B.
Hard determinsnim and Hedonistic
- C.
Tabla Rasa and Hard determinism
Correct Answer
A. Tabla Rasa and Soft DetermeninsmExplanation
The correct answer is Tabla Rasa and Soft Determinism. Tabla Rasa refers to the assumption that individuals are born with a blank slate and their behavior is shaped by their environment. Soft Determinism suggests that while individuals have some free will, their actions are also influenced by external factors. This theory assumes that individuals may engage in deviant behavior as a result of experiencing strain or negative emotions, and that their behavior is not solely determined by their own choices.Rate this question:
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