Functia De Nutritie. Digestia SI Absorbtia.

The correct answer is "Cavitatea bucala,faringe, esofag,stomac, intestin subtire, intestin gros". This is the correct order of the digestive system, starting from the mouth (cavitatea bucala) where food enters, then moving to the pharynx (faringe), esophagus (esofag), stomach (stomac), small intestine (intestin subtire), and finally the large intestine (intestin gros). This order represents the path that food takes through the digestive system, with each organ playing a specific role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

The correct answer is "salivare, ficatul si pancreasul" (salivary glands, liver, and pancreas). These are the accessory glands of the digestive system that play important roles in the digestion and absorption of food. The salivary glands produce saliva, which contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of carbohydrates. The liver produces bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. Together, these glands contribute to the overall functioning of the digestive system.

The correct answer is "Bolul alimentar tranformat in stomac ca urmare a activitatii motorii si secretorii ale acestuia." This means that the gastric chyme refers to the food bolus that has been transformed in the stomach due to its motor and secretory activities.

The correct answer is "Oligopeptide si aminoacizi" because proteins need to be broken down into smaller molecules, such as oligopeptides and amino acids, in order to be absorbed by the intestine. This is because the intestinal cells can only absorb these smaller molecules, which can then be transported through the bloodstream and lymphatic system. Acids, esters, and cycloalkanes are not involved in the absorption of proteins in the intestine.

The correct answer is Ca2+. The explanation for this is that the question is asking about the main electrolytes in saliva, and Ca2+ is one of them. Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands and contains various electrolytes, including sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), phosphate (HPO3(2-)), magnesium (Mg2+), and calcium (Ca2+). Therefore, Ca2+ is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Maltoza because the question states that the process of chemical digestion of prepared starch begins with saliva, and alpha amylase is responsible for this digestion. Alpha amylase breaks down the prepared starch into smaller molecules, including maltoza. The enzyme is then inactivated by the low pH of the stomach, indicating that the digestion process stops at the maltoza stage. Therefore, maltoza is the correct answer as it is the product of the initial digestion of prepared starch.

As the peristaltic wave moves towards the stomach, a relaxation wave transmitted through inhibitory myenteric neurons to the stomach causes it, and even the lower esophagus, to relax, preparing the respective cavities to receive food. Inhibitory myenteric neurons are part of the enteric nervous system, which is responsible for controlling the gastrointestinal tract's functions. Therefore, the correct answer is the enteric nervous system.

The correct answer is "Toate cele trei variante anterioare" which means "All of the above options". This means that all three options mentioned (deplasarea alimentelor, secretia sucurilor digestive si digestia alimentelor, Absorbtia produsilor de digestie a apei si a electrolitilor) are correct and contribute to the continuous supply of water, electrolytes, and nutrients necessary for the body.

The correct answer is "Toate variantele anterioare" because all of the previous statements are true. Mastication is an involuntary reflex that can also be controlled voluntarily. It is coordinated by nerve centers in the brainstem. The roles of mastication include fragmenting food, facilitating swallowing, increasing the surface area for contact with digestive enzymes, forming, lubricating, and moistening the food bolus, and stimulating taste and smell receptors to initiate gastric secretion. Therefore, all of the previous statements are correct.

The correct answer is 99, 0.6, 0.4%. This means that the stomach secretion is composed of 99% water, 0.6% organic substances, and 0.4% inorganic substances.

The correct answer is 40%. Sarurile biliare have the role of stimulating intestinal motility and bacteriostatic action, which means they inhibit the growth of bacteria. In the absence of these bile salts, ingested lipids are lost in the feces. Therefore, 40% of lipids are lost through feces without the presence of bile salts.

The correct answer is "8-12 ori pe minut". The explanation is that the movements in the small intestine consist of mixing contractions and propulsive contractions. Mixing contractions fragment the chyme, allowing for progressive mixing of solid food particles with secretions in the small intestine. The frequency of these contractions is 8-12 times per minute.

The correct answer is "Retropulsia si peristaltismul stomaului" because it refers to the motor activity of the stomach, which includes both retropulsion (the backward movement of food) and peristalsis (the wave-like contractions that propel food through the digestive system). These movements are controlled by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the hormone gastrin.

The correct answer is aminoacizi. At the gastric level, absorption occurs in very small quantities of substances that are highly soluble in lipids, ethanol, and water, such as sodium, potassium, glucose, and amino acids.

The bile is composed of various components including bile acids synthesized from cholesterol, amino acids and Na+, bile pigments, lecithin, electrolytes, and cholesterol. Cholesterol is one of the components present in bile.

The pancreas contains exocrine, endocrine, and ductal cells. The exocrine cells, organized in acini, produce 4 types of enzymes (peptidases, lipases, amylases, and nucleases) that aid in the digestion of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. The ductal cells secrete pancreatic juice, which contains HCO3+ to neutralize gastric acidity. The daily quantity of pancreatic juice secreted is estimated to be between 1200-1500 ml.

Colecystokinin (colecistikina) is necessary for the digestion and absorption of lipids, as well as for the excretion of substances insoluble in water, such as cholesterol and bilirubin. It is continuously secreted and stored in the gallbladder, and is released into the duodenum during digestion only after the chyme triggers its secretion.

The correct answer is colecistokinina. Colecistokinina is a hormone that is released by the cells of the small intestine in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids. It stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder, causing the release of bile into the duodenum. This mechanism helps in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine.

The concentration of electrolytes in saliva is generally lower than that in blood plasma, except for potassium ions (K+).

Tripsinogenul este transformat în tripsină de enterochinază.

During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition, the bolus of food stimulates the receptors around the entrance of the pharynx. The impulses from these receptors are then transmitted to the brain for processing and coordination of the swallowing reflex. The brain structures involved in this process include the brainstem, specifically the medulla oblongata and pons, which together form the trunck cerebral. Therefore, the correct answer is trunchiul cerebral.

Lipaza gastrica este responsabilă pentru descompunerea proteinelor ingerate sub forma de emulsie în acizi grași și glicerol. Aceasta este o enzimă secretată de stomac și are un rol important în digestia și absorbția grăsimilor din alimente.

The correct answer is C. Fierul este absorbit in jejun si ileon, proces facilitat de vitamina C.

The correct answer is "gastrina si mucus". Gastrina is a hormone secreted by the pyloric cells of the stomach. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid (HCl) and also helps in the production of mucus. Therefore, the pyloric cells secrete both gastrina and mucus.

The correct answer is somatostatinei. Somatostatin is a hormone that inhibits the secretion of various substances in the digestive system, including gastric acid. It acts by suppressing the release of other hormones such as gastrin, which stimulates gastric acid secretion. Therefore, inhibiting the secretion of HCl can be attributed to somatostatin's inhibitory effect on gastric acid production.

The main roles of the large intestine are the absorption of water and electrolytes, as well as the storage of fecal material until elimination. The colon can only absorb 2-3 liters of water per day and it absorbs most of the sodium and chloride that were not absorbed by the small intestine. Potassium is secreted by the colon. These processes are controlled by aldosterone, which is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.

The correct answer is "Nervul vagal" because the vagus nerve plays a crucial role in controlling the primary peristalsis of the esophagus. The vagus nerve is a part of the parasympathetic nervous system and innervates the smooth muscles of the esophagus, allowing it to contract and propel food towards the stomach. This nerve also helps in regulating other digestive functions such as gastric secretion and motility.

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol combine with proteins in the intestinal cell epithelium to form chylomicrons, which are then transported through the lymphatic vessels known as chiliferous vessels. Unlike amino acids and monosaccharides, which reach the liver through the portal vein, lipids are transported through the lymphatic circulation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Circulatia limfatica" (lymphatic circulation).

The correct answer is HCO3-. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) is secreted by the pancreatic ductal cells and its concentration is much higher than in plasma. Bicarbonate is an important electrolyte involved in physiological processes in the body, including the regulation of pH. It acts as a buffer to maintain the pH balance in the body, especially in the digestive system where it neutralizes stomach acid. Bicarbonate also plays a role in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs for elimination.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the evacuation of the bile is a result of the contraction of the vesicular musculature, along with the relaxation of the Oddi sphincter. This mechanism is achieved through nervous and humoral stimulation. The nervous mechanism involves the stimulation of the vagus nerve, which plays a role in regulating various bodily functions, including the contraction and relaxation of muscles in the digestive system. Therefore, the vagus nerve is responsible for stimulating the relaxation of the Oddi sphincter, allowing the bile to be evacuated from the gallbladder.

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The correct answer is "Reducerea tensiunii superficiale." This is because bile salts act as emulsifiers, reducing the surface tension between water and lipids. This allows the lipids to form smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and making them easier to digest and absorb in the intestines.

Electrolytii sunt absorbiți în intestinul subțire prin apa pasiv izoosmotică, ceea ce înseamnă că sunt absorbiți în mod pasiv, în același timp cu apa, prin difuzie prin membranele celulare. De asemenea, Na+ și Cl- sunt absorbiți activ, ceea ce înseamnă că necesită energie pentru a fi transportați împotriva unui gradient de concentrație.

Lipids are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract through passive diffusion. Passive diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the need for energy. In this case, lipids move across the cell membranes of the gastrointestinal tract down their concentration gradient, allowing them to be absorbed into the body.

The correct answer is lipaze because lipaze is the enzyme that hydrolyzes insoluble esters in water. Amilaze and proteaze are enzymes that have different functions and do not hydrolyze insoluble esters. Therefore, the correct answer is lipaze.

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