Chapter 09: Environmental Health Risks: At Home, At Work, And In The Community Test Bank
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- 1.
Which of the following events marked the beginning of the most outstanding improvements in public health?
- A.
A. Discovery of antibiotics
- B.
B. Creation of safe water purification and sewer systems
- C.
C. Implementation of surgery as a clean procedure in the operating rooms
- D.
D. Physician education on the benefits of hand-washing between procedures
Correct Answer
B. B. Creation of safe water purification and sewer systemsExplanation
The creation of safe water purification and sewer systems marked the beginning of the most outstanding improvements in public health because it addressed the major causes of waterborne diseases and improved sanitation. Access to clean and safe water prevented the spread of diseases such as cholera and typhoid, while proper disposal of waste through sewer systems reduced the risk of contamination. This development had a significant impact on public health by reducing mortality rates and improving overall hygiene and living conditions.Rate this question:
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- 2.
To what does the term environmental justice refer?
- A.
A. Applying environmental laws equally throughout the country
- B.
B. Being fair (or just) in relation to how the costs of environmental pollution cleanup are distributed
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C. Putting the most environmental pollution waste in the already polluted sites (known as Superfund sites)
- D.
D. Recognizing that environmental risks are disproportionately high for low-income and minority populations who live in more highly polluted neighborhoods
Correct Answer
D. D. Recognizing that environmental risks are disproportionately high for low-income and minority populations who live in more highly polluted neighborhoodsExplanation
The term environmental justice refers to the recognition that environmental risks are disproportionately high for low-income and minority populations who live in more highly polluted neighborhoods. This means that these communities face a higher burden of environmental pollution and its associated health risks compared to wealthier and predominantly white communities. Environmental justice seeks to address this inequity and ensure that all individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status or race, have equal access to a clean and healthy environment.Rate this question:
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- 3.
3. Between what two aspects does the ecologic systems model distinguish?
- A.
A. Ecologic disasters and lifestyle behavior problems
- B.
B. Housing and school or employment hazards
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C. The immediate environment and the broader environment
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D. The United States and the rest of the world
Correct Answer
C. C. The immediate environment and the broader environmentExplanation
The ecologic systems model distinguishes between the immediate environment and the broader environment. This means that the model recognizes the importance of both the immediate surroundings of an individual, such as their family, school, and neighborhood, as well as the broader societal and cultural factors that influence their well-being. By considering both aspects, the model provides a comprehensive understanding of how various factors interact and impact an individual's health and development.Rate this question:
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- 4.
4. What, in basic terms, do Barry Commoners laws of ecology state?
- A.
A. Everything is connected to everything else, and everything must go somewhere.
- B.
B. Long-term survival requires protection of our environment.
- C.
C. Only humans contaminate their own environment.
- D.
D. Take care of the planet; its the only one weve got.
Correct Answer
A. A. Everything is connected to everything else, and everything must go somewhere.Explanation
Barry Commoner's laws of ecology state that everything in the environment is interconnected and interdependent. This means that any action or change in one part of the ecosystem can have an impact on other parts. Additionally, Commoner's laws emphasize that nothing can truly disappear from the environment; everything must go somewhere, whether it is through recycling, transformation, or accumulation. These laws highlight the importance of understanding and considering the complex relationships and interconnectedness of all components of the ecosystem in order to protect and sustain the environment.Rate this question:
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- 5.
5. Which of the following information would the nurse document when conducting an exposure assessment with a client?
- A.
A. The chemicals used at work or in hobbies
- B.
B. The substances used to clean the house or keep the yard/garden beautiful
- C.
C. The home, work site, and neighborhood
- D.
D. The environmental and psychological stress that is encountered
Correct Answer
C. C. The home, work site, and neighborhoodExplanation
The nurse would document information about the client's home, work site, and neighborhood during an exposure assessment. This is important because these environments can potentially expose the client to various hazards or risks that may impact their health. By documenting this information, the nurse can identify potential sources of exposure and develop appropriate interventions or recommendations to minimize any potential harm to the client's health.Rate this question:
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- 6.
6. Which of the following is the most appropriate secondary prevention approach when a nurse is working in a community with known high lead levels?
- A.
A. Educating parents about avoiding purchasing toys painted with lead-based paint
- B.
B. Screening all minority children
- C.
C. Educating parents about early signs of lead poisoning
- D.
D. Screening all children who are living in poverty
Correct Answer
D. D. Screening all children who are living in povertyExplanation
Screening all children who are living in poverty is the most appropriate secondary prevention approach when a nurse is working in a community with known high lead levels. This approach targets a specific population that is at higher risk due to their socioeconomic status. By screening all children living in poverty, the nurse can identify those who may have elevated lead levels and provide early interventions and treatment. This approach is more comprehensive and inclusive compared to the other options, as it focuses on the population that is most vulnerable to lead exposure.Rate this question:
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- 7.
7. A nurse learned that a client was taken to the hospital with carbon monoxide poisoning after neglecting to turn off the car parked in the garage. Which of the following would be the most appropriate intervention to suggest at the next nursing visit?
- A.
A. Encourage the client to leave one window open a crack, so there is always a constant supply of fresh air from outside the home.
- B.
B. Advise the client to install a carbon monoxide detector in the home.
- C.
C. Suggest that the family move to a house with a detached garage.
- D.
D. Teach the family the symptoms of breathing carbon monoxide gas so they can act quickly to get out of the house.
Correct Answer
B. B. Advise the client to install a carbon monoxide detector in the home.Explanation
The most appropriate intervention to suggest at the next nursing visit would be to advise the client to install a carbon monoxide detector in the home. This is because carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas that can be deadly if inhaled in high concentrations. By installing a carbon monoxide detector, the client can be alerted to the presence of this gas in their home, allowing them to take immediate action to protect themselves and their family. This intervention is crucial in preventing future incidents of carbon monoxide poisoning.Rate this question:
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- 8.
8. A nurse who had just undergone orientation for a staff position in the emergency department noticed a material safety data sheet attached to a solvent used to clean the skin around wounds. What is the purpose of this sheet?
- A.
A. Hospitals are now attaching such documents for emergency department nurses, who are at high risk for trauma and injury from chemicals that patients use.
- B.
B. It is part of the risk management program of hospitals that do not want to be sued by employees who misuse chemicals.
- C.
C. It is required by federal law so that employees know the potential effects of the chemicals with which they are working.
- D.
D. The sheet is the equivalent of a drug information sheet and should be given to patients who have their wounds cleaned with the solvent.
Correct Answer
C. C. It is required by federal law so that employees know the potential effects of the chemicals with which they are working.Explanation
The material safety data sheet is attached to the solvent used to clean the skin around wounds in order to comply with federal law. This sheet provides information about the potential effects of the chemicals used, ensuring that employees are aware of any hazards and can take necessary precautions. It is a legal requirement to ensure the safety and well-being of the employees working with these chemicals.Rate this question:
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- 9.
9. Which of the following actions demonstrates the occupational health nurses need to balance conflict between what is legal and what is ethical?
- A.
A. Ensuring the employers profit and keeping the employees happy
- B.
B. Fulfilling what the nurses supervisor wants and what the employees want
- C.
C. Encouraging primary prevention and first aid to the injured
- D.
D. Reporting health problems to employers and keeping health records confidential
Correct Answer
D. D. Reporting health problems to employers and keeping health records confidentialExplanation
The correct answer is d. Reporting health problems to employers and keeping health records confidential. Occupational health nurses have a responsibility to report health problems to employers in order to ensure a safe working environment. At the same time, they must also maintain confidentiality of health records to protect the privacy of employees. This demonstrates the need to balance the legal requirement of reporting with the ethical obligation to protect individual privacy.Rate this question:
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- 10.
10. Which of the following activities is an ergonomist most likely to perform?
- A.
A. Studying the prevention, detection, and treatment of work-related injuries
- B.
B. Designing equipment for the interface of humans, their tools, and work activities
- C.
C. Recognizing natural history of occupational disease and injuries in certain groups
- D.
D. Describing the toxic properties of chemical agents used in the employment setting
Correct Answer
B. B. Designing equipment for the interface of humans, their tools, and work activitiesExplanation
An ergonomist is most likely to perform the activity of designing equipment for the interface of humans, their tools, and work activities. Ergonomics is the study of designing and arranging things people use so that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely. This includes designing equipment that is comfortable, easy to use, and minimizes the risk of injuries or strain on the human body. Therefore, an ergonomist focuses on designing equipment that promotes optimal human performance and well-being in the workplace.Rate this question:
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- 11.
11. Which of the following would be an appropriate response by a public health department if there is some evidence of a relationship between a substance and human health but research has not yet drawn conclusions?
- A.
A. Be cautious.
- B.
B. Do not worry about it.
- C.
C. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- D.
D. Refuse to be involved.
Correct Answer
A. A. Be cautious.Explanation
If there is some evidence of a relationship between a substance and human health but research has not yet drawn conclusions, it would be appropriate for a public health department to advise people to be cautious. This response acknowledges the potential risk associated with the substance and encourages individuals to take precautionary measures until further research is conducted to determine the extent of the relationship. It is important for public health departments to prioritize the safety and well-being of the public and provide guidance based on the available evidence.Rate this question:
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- 12.
12. Among other variables, upon what does damage from a specific chemical depend?
- A.
A. The dose
- B.
B. The environmental factors
- C.
C. The toxicology
- D.
D. The virulence and infectivity
Correct Answer
A. A. The doseExplanation
Damage from a specific chemical depends on the dose. This means that the severity of the damage caused by the chemical is directly related to the amount or concentration of the chemical that a person or organism is exposed to. The higher the dose, the greater the potential for harm. This is an important consideration in toxicology and risk assessment, as it helps determine safe exposure limits and appropriate precautions to prevent harm from chemical substances.Rate this question:
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- 13.
13. Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of a client who has received a diagnosis of hypersensitivity?
- A.
A. He or she gets his or her feelings hurt frequently.
- B.
B. His or her skin burns very easily from sunlight.
- C.
C. He or she reacts to much smaller doses of chemicals than do most people.
- D.
D. He or she experiences an allergic reaction.
Correct Answer
C. C. He or she reacts to much smaller doses of chemicals than do most people.Explanation
A client who has received a diagnosis of hypersensitivity reacts to much smaller doses of chemicals than do most people. Hypersensitivity refers to an exaggerated or abnormal reaction of the immune system to a substance, such as an allergen or chemical. This can result in symptoms ranging from mild to severe, depending on the individual and the substance involved. Therefore, option c accurately describes the most accurate description of a client with hypersensitivity.Rate this question:
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- 14.
14. What is one of the most prevalent and noxious pollutants in modern America?
- A.
A. Noise
- B.
B. Sewage in septic tanks
- C.
C. Unsafe discarded medications
- D.
D. Unsafe water
Correct Answer
A. A. NoiseExplanation
Noise is one of the most prevalent and noxious pollutants in modern America because it can have various negative effects on human health and well-being. Excessive noise can lead to sleep disturbances, stress, anxiety, and even hearing loss. It can also disrupt communication, concentration, and productivity. Noise pollution is a significant issue in urban areas, where traffic, construction, and industrial activities contribute to high levels of noise. Additionally, the constant exposure to noise can have long-term impacts on mental and physical health, making it a significant concern for public health and environmental sustainability.Rate this question:
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- 15.
15. The Mr. Yuk educational campaign and the practice of routinely dispensing medications in childproof containers are examples of
- A.
A. Primary prevention programs that have had little effect on poisoning deaths.
- B.
B. Primary prevention programs that have notably decreased deaths from poisoning.
- C.
C. Secondary prevention programs that have had little effect on poisoning deaths.
- D.
D. Secondary prevention programs that have notably decreased deaths from poisoning.
Correct Answer
B. B. Primary prevention programs that have notably decreased deaths from poisoning.Explanation
The Mr. Yuk educational campaign and the practice of routinely dispensing medications in childproof containers are both examples of primary prevention programs. These programs aim to prevent poisoning incidents from happening in the first place by raising awareness about the dangers of certain substances and implementing safety measures such as childproof containers. The fact that these programs have notably decreased deaths from poisoning suggests that they have been effective in achieving their goal of preventing poisoning incidents and saving lives.Rate this question:
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- 16.
16. A nurse wanted to increase the safety of a family with a small toddler. Which of the following would be a secondary prevention measure in relation to poisoning?
- A.
A. Assessing for hazardous materials in the home and suggesting that these materials be kept in a locked cabinet over the refrigerator
- B.
B. Encouraging the family to minimize the use of household chemicals and pesticides
- C.
C. Encouraging the family to use household chemicals only when proper ventilation is available
- D.
D. Printing stickers for the parents to attach to the phone with the telephone number of the nearest poison control center
Correct Answer
A. A. Assessing for hazardous materials in the home and suggesting that these materials be kept in a locked cabinet over the refrigeratorExplanation
The correct answer is a. Assessing for hazardous materials in the home and suggesting that these materials be kept in a locked cabinet over the refrigerator. This is a secondary prevention measure because it focuses on reducing the risk of poisoning after the hazardous materials are already present in the home. By assessing for these materials and suggesting that they be kept in a locked cabinet, the nurse is taking steps to prevent the toddler from accessing them and potentially being poisoned. This measure aims to increase the safety of the family by reducing the likelihood of a poisoning incident occurring.Rate this question:
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- 17.
17. Which of the following groups is most likely to experience an unintentional injury resulting from a fall?
- A.
A. Adults who are always in a hurry, rushing from here to there
- B.
B. Adults who are older than 65 years
- C.
C. Toddlers who are just learning to walk
- D.
D. Young children who run around without looking where they are going
Correct Answer
B. B. Adults who are older than 65 yearsExplanation
Adults who are older than 65 years are more likely to experience an unintentional injury resulting from a fall. As people age, their balance and coordination may decline, making them more susceptible to falls. Additionally, older adults may have weaker bones and muscles, making them more prone to fractures and injuries from falls. Falls can have serious consequences for older adults, often leading to hospitalization and long-term disability. Therefore, this group is at a higher risk for unintentional injuries from falls compared to the other options given.Rate this question:
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- 18.
18. A nurse was very concerned about an elderly client who took care of himself in his own apartment. On the basis of statistics, which behavior would cause the nurse to be most concerned about his safety?
- A.
A. The man frequently went on long walks through the neighborhood.
- B.
B. The man often ate at the all you can eat buffet, sometimes spending several hours there.
- C.
C. The man often tripped over the rug in front of the sink.
- D.
D. The man smoked from the time he got up until he went to bed.
Correct Answer
C. C. The man often tripped over the rug in front of the sink.Explanation
The nurse would be most concerned about the man's safety if he often tripped over the rug in front of the sink. This behavior indicates a potential hazard in his own apartment that could lead to falls and injuries. Tripping over the rug repeatedly suggests that the man may have difficulty with balance or mobility, making him more vulnerable to accidents. The nurse should address this issue and take measures to remove or secure the rug to prevent further incidents.Rate this question:
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- 19.
19. A nurse assessed the home while visiting a home care client. What would be an appropriate primary intervention in relation to burns?
- A.
A. Assessing the client for evidence of environmental hazards
- B.
B. Encouraging the clients family to install a smoke detector
- C.
C. Encouraging the whole family to practice stop, drop, and roll exercises
- D.
D. Suggesting that the family purchase a first aid kit with first aid information
Correct Answer
B. B. Encouraging the clients family to install a smoke detectorExplanation
An appropriate primary intervention in relation to burns would be to encourage the client's family to install a smoke detector. This is because smoke detectors can help alert individuals to potential fires in their home, giving them the opportunity to evacuate and prevent burns or other injuries. By installing a smoke detector, the family can increase their chances of early detection and response to fire hazards, reducing the risk of burns.Rate this question:
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- 20.
20. Why do European countries have less of a problem with regulating chemical toxicity than the United States?
- A.
A. European countries can afford more chemical products to increase their life span and comfort.
- B.
B. The United States is more technologically advanced, with more new chemicals to help with health care.
- C.
C. The United States has more resources to purchase new chemical interventions for clinical problems.
- D.
D. European countries require product manufacturers to prove that their products are safe.
Correct Answer
D. D. European countries require product manufacturers to prove that their products are safe.Explanation
European countries have less of a problem with regulating chemical toxicity than the United States because they require product manufacturers to prove that their products are safe. This means that before a chemical product can be sold and used in European countries, it must undergo rigorous testing and evaluation to ensure that it does not pose any harm to human health or the environment. This regulatory requirement helps to prevent the introduction of potentially toxic chemicals into the market, leading to a lower overall problem with chemical toxicity in European countries compared to the United States.Rate this question:
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- 21.
21. Which of the following actions represents primary prevention by the nurse who wishes to be a good community member?
- A.
A. Encouraging limitation of activity when air pollution is high
- B.
B. Obtaining occupational health histories for all new clinic admissions
- C.
C. Screening toddlers attending the clinic for lead poisoning
- D.
D. Supporting programs for waste reduction and recycling
Correct Answer
D. D. Supporting programs for waste reduction and recyclingExplanation
Supporting programs for waste reduction and recycling represents primary prevention because it aims to prevent the occurrence of environmental pollution and its associated health risks. By promoting waste reduction and recycling, the nurse is actively working towards reducing the amount of waste generated in the community, which can help prevent pollution and its negative effects on the health of community members. This action focuses on addressing the root cause of the problem and preventing it from happening in the first place, rather than just managing the symptoms or consequences.Rate this question:
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