Chapter 9 Burton

The given correct answer is "visual prompt" because the task analysis provided by pictures of each step helps Nancy learn to brush her teeth by visually guiding her through the process.

Time delay is a procedure where a teacher or instructor intentionally waits for a specific amount of time before delivering a prompt, allowing the student to have an opportunity to respond independently before receiving any additional guidance or prompting. This technique is often used to promote independent thinking and problem-solving skills in students. It helps to gradually fade support and encourages the student to rely less on prompts over time.

In the given example, Miss Elkhart is physically demonstrating to Brandon how to open the microwave oven. This type of prompt is known as modeling, where the teacher or instructor physically shows the student how to perform a task or skill. This can be an effective way of teaching as it provides a visual demonstration and allows the student to observe and imitate the correct actions.

The correct answer is visual prompt because in the given example, Mr. Kelly is using the board to display the homework assignment directions. This visual display allows the students to see and read the instructions, making it a visual prompt.

Shaping should be used when combinations of reinforcement, prompting, or chaining have failed. This means that when traditional methods of teaching or modifying behavior have not been successful, shaping can be a useful approach. Shaping involves gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior until the desired behavior is achieved. It is a useful strategy when other methods have not produced the desired results.

Graduated guidance is a fading procedure that is used to fade physical prompts. This means that it starts with providing the necessary level of physical assistance for the individual to perform the behavior, and then gradually reduces or fades the amount of physical prompts given over time. This allows the individual to gradually gain independence and perform the behavior without relying on physical assistance.

When prompting is used by the teacher, reinforcement occurs as if prompts had not been used. This means that the student is still receiving reinforcement for their correct response, even though they needed a prompt to guide them towards the correct answer. The purpose of prompting is to provide additional support and assistance to the student, but the reinforcement is still based on their independent performance without the prompts.

Shaping is a procedure that involves reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior. This means that instead of waiting for the exact desired behavior to occur, small steps towards the target behavior are reinforced. For example, if the target behavior is a dog sitting, shaping would involve reinforcing the dog for moving towards a sitting position, then for bending its legs, and finally for fully sitting. This gradual reinforcement of closer approximations helps to shape and strengthen the desired behavior over time.

Total task presentation is an instructional technique in which a teacher requires a student to perform all the steps in sequence until the entire task is mastered. This approach involves presenting the entire task to the student from start to finish, without breaking it down into smaller steps. By using total task presentation, the teacher aims to develop the student's ability to complete the entire task independently and in the correct order. This technique is effective for teaching complex tasks and promoting a deeper understanding of the task as a whole.

A task analysis should be used when a teacher wants a student to acquire a complex behavioral chain. Task analysis involves breaking down a complex task into smaller, manageable steps, making it easier for the student to learn and acquire the desired behavior. By systematically introducing various prompts, the teacher can provide support and guidance at each step, helping the student to understand and perform the behavior correctly. This approach is particularly useful when teaching complex skills or behaviors that require multiple steps to be executed in a specific sequence.