Chapter 6 For Test 2 In Justice And Ethics
Chapter 6 for test 2 in Justice and Ethics______________________________________________
Questions and Answers
- 1.
________ comes in a variety of forms, though the basic idea of each is that the purpose of anything (e.g., values, beliefs, laws, or research) is not to uncover or represent the truth, but allow us to more effectively and/or comfortably live our lives.
- A.
Pragmatism
- B.
Relativism
- C.
Determinism
- D.
Universalism
Correct Answer
A. PragmatismExplanation
Pragmatism is the correct answer because it aligns with the idea that the purpose of anything is not to uncover or represent the truth, but rather to allow us to live our lives more effectively and comfortably. Pragmatism emphasizes practicality and usefulness over absolute truth or principles. It suggests that the value of beliefs, laws, or research lies in their ability to serve a practical purpose and bring about desired outcomes, rather than in their adherence to objective truth.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Agents of criminal justice are exposed to difference and diversity of cultural and subcultural values routinely, thus recognizing ________ and being ________ is very important within the profession.
- A.
Variability; open-minded
- B.
Crimes; dutiful
- C.
Utility; practical
- D.
Offenders; assertive
Correct Answer
A. Variability; open-mindedExplanation
In the field of criminal justice, agents come across individuals from various cultural and subcultural backgrounds on a regular basis. To effectively deal with this diversity, it is crucial for them to acknowledge and understand the variability in values and beliefs. This requires them to have an open-minded approach, being receptive to different perspectives and willing to adapt their methods accordingly. By being open-minded, agents can better navigate the complexities of cultural differences and ensure fairness and justice in their profession.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Relativism does not simply acknowledge historical and cultural differences, it suggests that such differences are:
- A.
Intervening
- B.
Nominal
- C.
Ordinal
- D.
Numerical
Correct Answer
C. OrdinalExplanation
Relativism acknowledges historical and cultural differences and suggests that such differences are ordinal. This means that these differences can be ranked or ordered in terms of their significance or importance. Relativism recognizes that different cultures and historical contexts may have different values, beliefs, and practices, and it does not impose a universal standard or judgment on them. Instead, it recognizes the diversity and complexity of human experiences and perspectives, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of cultural relativism.Rate this question:
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- 4.
In The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, ________ explores four principles that might be used to determine whether the government can legitimately prohibit or criminalize certain forms of behavior.
- A.
Plato
- B.
Aristotle
- C.
Jeremy Bentham
- D.
Joel Feinberg
Correct Answer
D. Joel FeinbergExplanation
Joel Feinberg explores four principles that might be used to determine whether the government can legitimately prohibit or criminalize certain forms of behavior.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Under pragmatic relativism, social reality consists merely of human constructions that are not right nor wrong, but ________ for a given culture at a given time.
- A.
Theologically-based
- B.
Popular
- C.
Desirable
- D.
Functional
Correct Answer
D. FunctionalExplanation
Under pragmatic relativism, social reality is seen as a product of human constructions. These constructions are not judged as right or wrong, but rather as functional for a particular culture at a specific time. This means that what is considered functional may vary across different cultures and time periods. The other options, such as theologically-based, popular, and desirable, do not align with the concept of pragmatic relativism, as they imply a value judgment or a fixed standard of what is considered right or wrong.Rate this question:
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- 6.
What is the definition of civil commitment?
- A.
Involuntary hospitalization for persons deemed mentally ill (though not necessarily legally incompetent) and presumed to be in need of psychiatric treatment
- B.
Voluntary hospitalization for persons deemed mentally ill (though not necessarily legally competent) and presumed to be in need of psychiatric treatment
- C.
A and B
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Involuntary hospitalization for persons deemed mentally ill (though not necessarily legally incompetent) and presumed to be in need of psychiatric treatmentExplanation
The correct answer is "involuntary hospitalization for persons deemed mentally ill (though not necessarily legally incompetent) and presumed to be in need of psychiatric treatment." Civil commitment refers to the process of involuntarily hospitalizing individuals who are considered mentally ill and believed to require psychiatric treatment. This can occur even if the person is not legally incompetent.Rate this question:
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- 7.
________ holds that it is justifiable and morally permissible for the government to use law and policy to coercively protect people from themselves.
- A.
Paternalism
- B.
The harm principle
- C.
Determinism
- D.
Legal moralism
Correct Answer
A. PaternalismExplanation
Paternalism is the correct answer because it refers to the belief that the government has the right to restrict individual freedom in order to protect individuals from harm or to promote their own well-being. This involves using laws and policies to coerce individuals into making certain choices that are deemed to be in their best interest, even if they may not agree with or fully understand the reasons behind those choices.Rate this question:
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- 8.
________ acknowledges and describes the presence of moral differences between groups of people.
- A.
Metaethical relativism
- B.
Descriptive relativism
- C.
Soft determinism
- D.
Hard determinism
Correct Answer
B. Descriptive relativismExplanation
Descriptive relativism acknowledges and describes the presence of moral differences between groups of people. It recognizes that different cultures or societies may have different moral beliefs and values, and there is no objective or universal standard for morality. This perspective focuses on the observation and description of these moral differences rather than making any judgments about their validity or superiority.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Relativism can be contrasted with:
- A.
Ethical objectivism
- B.
Ethical absolutism
- C.
Ethical universalism
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The correct answer is "all of the above" because relativism is the belief that ethical principles and moral judgments are subjective and vary depending on individual perspectives or cultural norms. In contrast, ethical objectivism asserts that there are objective moral principles that apply universally, regardless of individual or cultural differences. Ethical absolutism takes a similar stance, arguing that there are absolute moral truths that are universally valid. Ethical universalism, on the other hand, posits that there are universal ethical principles that apply to all individuals, regardless of their cultural or personal beliefs. Therefore, all three options are contrasting viewpoints to relativism.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Where conflict over moral values and appropriate behavior exists, who or what must supply the working answers?
- A.
Religious beliefs
- B.
The powerful
- C.
Law
- D.
Police officers
Correct Answer
C. LawExplanation
In situations where there is a conflict regarding moral values and appropriate behavior, the law is responsible for providing the working answers. The law serves as a set of rules and regulations that govern society and dictate what is considered acceptable behavior. It is designed to ensure order, protect individuals' rights, and resolve conflicts. By following the law, individuals and society as a whole can maintain a sense of justice and fairness in determining what is morally right or wrong.Rate this question:
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- 11.
________ refers to the refusal to entertain criticisms or challenges to one's beliefs.
- A.
Pragmatism
- B.
Dogmatism
- C.
Determinism
- D.
Universalism
Correct Answer
B. DogmatismExplanation
Dogmatism refers to the refusal to entertain criticisms or challenges to one's beliefs. It is characterized by a rigid and close-minded approach, where individuals hold their beliefs as absolute truths and are unwilling to consider alternative perspectives or evidence. This can hinder intellectual growth and hinder the ability to engage in open and constructive dialogue.Rate this question:
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- 12.
________ is often recognized as one of the earliest proponents of-and by some accounts the father-of what we now refer to as relativism.
- A.
Plato
- B.
Protagoras
- C.
Aristotle
- D.
Feinberg
Correct Answer
B. ProtagorasExplanation
Protagoras is often recognized as one of the earliest proponents of relativism. He is considered the father of what we now refer to as relativism because he argued that truth and morality are subjective and can vary from person to person. Protagoras believed that individuals have their own unique perspectives and experiences, which shape their understanding of the world. Therefore, he believed that there is no absolute truth or morality, but rather, truth and morality are relative to each individual's perspective.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Mathematics and science offer empirical explanations that are based on observation and measurement; ethics is different because we cannot:
- A.
Anticipate the unpredictable consequences that may occur due to the emotional nature of beliefs and value systems
- B.
Visually observe the rightness or wrongness of moral beliefs and practices
- C.
Always please everyone
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. Visually observe the rightness or wrongness of moral beliefs and practicesExplanation
Ethics is different from mathematics and science because it deals with moral beliefs and practices, which cannot be visually observed to determine their rightness or wrongness. Unlike empirical explanations in mathematics and science that are based on observation and measurement, ethics involves subjective judgments and values that cannot be directly observed. Therefore, visually observing the rightness or wrongness of moral beliefs and practices is not possible in ethics.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Descriptive relativism serves as a premise, reason, or foundation for accepting the broader and more controversial claims of metaethical and ________ relativism.
- A.
Normative
- B.
Pragmatic
- C.
A and B
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. NormativeExplanation
Descriptive relativism provides a basis or justification for accepting normative relativism. Normative relativism is the belief that moral judgments are relative to individuals or cultures, meaning that there are no universal moral truths. Descriptive relativism, on the other hand, is the observation that different individuals or cultures have different moral beliefs. By recognizing and accepting this descriptive fact, one can then argue for the normative claim that moral judgments should be relative. Therefore, descriptive relativism serves as a premise or foundation for accepting normative relativism.Rate this question:
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- 15.
What type of relativism argues that given the presence of cultural variability, there is no objective sense in which right and wrong can be discussed?
- A.
Deterministic
- B.
Metaethical
- C.
Descriptive
- D.
Pragmatic
Correct Answer
B. MetaethicalExplanation
Metaethical relativism argues that because of the presence of cultural variability, there is no objective or universal standard to determine what is right or wrong. It suggests that moral judgments are subjective and vary from culture to culture. This perspective emphasizes that there is no absolute truth or moral framework that can be used to evaluate ethical claims, as they are dependent on cultural beliefs and values.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Most people do tend to think of morality as relative, at least to ________ circumstances.
- A.
Historical
- B.
Practical
- C.
Situational
- D.
Functional
Correct Answer
C. SituationalExplanation
Most people do tend to think of morality as relative, at least to situational circumstances. This means that people believe that what is considered morally right or wrong can vary depending on the specific situation or context. People may argue that certain actions may be morally acceptable in one situation but not in another. This perspective acknowledges that morality is not absolute and can be influenced by factors such as cultural norms, personal beliefs, and the specific details of a given situation.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Relativism is often interpreted as a strategy in support of ________ with regard to the beliefs and practices of others, however, pure relativism implies that ________should be tolerated as well.
- A.
Tolerance; intolerance
- B.
Acceptance; intolerance
- C.
Intolerance; tolerance
- D.
Rejection; acceptance
Correct Answer
A. Tolerance; intoleranceExplanation
Relativism is often seen as a strategy that promotes tolerance towards the beliefs and practices of others. However, pure relativism suggests that intolerance should not be tolerated. In other words, while relativism encourages acceptance and understanding of different perspectives, it does not support or tolerate intolerance.Rate this question:
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- 18.
________ argues that morality is relative to particular cultures, time periods, and even subcultures within cultures and time periods.
- A.
Metaethics
- B.
Determinism
- C.
Pragmatism
- D.
Relativism
Correct Answer
D. RelativismExplanation
Relativism is the correct answer because it argues that morality is not absolute and universal, but rather dependent on various factors such as cultures, time periods, and subcultures. It suggests that what is considered morally right or wrong can vary from one society or group to another. This view challenges the idea of objective moral truths and emphasizes the importance of cultural and contextual influences on moral judgments.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The claim of objectivity is a ________ claim.
- A.
Knowledge
- B.
Subjective
- C.
Ethical
- D.
Metaethical
Correct Answer
A. KnowledgeExplanation
The claim of objectivity is a knowledge claim because it pertains to the understanding and acquisition of knowledge. Objectivity refers to the ability to view things without bias or personal opinions, relying on facts and evidence instead. When someone claims objectivity, they are asserting that their perspective is based on objective facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or emotions. Therefore, the correct answer is knowledge.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Universalism makes a claim very much related to, and following from, the argument of:
- A.
Relativism
- B.
Free will
- C.
Objectivism
- D.
Determinism
Correct Answer
C. ObjectivismExplanation
Universalism is a belief or doctrine that suggests that there are universal principles or truths that apply to all people, regardless of their individual circumstances or perspectives. This idea aligns with objectivism, which holds that there are objective truths or realities that exist independently of individual opinions or interpretations. Both universalism and objectivism reject the idea of relativism, which argues that truth and morality are subjective and vary from person to person. They also differ from determinism, which posits that human actions are determined by external factors and not by free will.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The four principles that might be used to determine whether the government can legitimately prohibit or criminalize certain forms of behavior are:
- A.
The harm principle, paternalism, pragmatism, explicit conduct
- B.
The harm principle, paternalism, legal moralism, offensive conduct
- C.
Paternalism, legal moralism, pragmatism, determinism
- D.
Legal moralism, offensive conduct, utilitarianism, metaethical moralism
Correct Answer
B. The harm principle, paternalism, legal moralism, offensive conductExplanation
The four principles that might be used to determine whether the government can legitimately prohibit or criminalize certain forms of behavior are the harm principle, paternalism, legal moralism, and offensive conduct. The harm principle considers whether the behavior causes harm to others. Paternalism involves the government restricting behavior for the individual's own good. Legal moralism examines whether the behavior is morally wrong. Offensive conduct looks at whether the behavior is offensive to society's moral standards. These principles help determine whether the government has a legitimate reason to prohibit or criminalize certain behaviors.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Some philosophers and social scientists (including criminologists) suggest that even if we cannot say conclusively that certain laws, policies, and practices are right or wrong on a moral level we can make judgments concerning:
- A.
The individual or individuals who create the particular law, policy, or practice in question
- B.
The underlying reasons for the particular law, policy, or practice in question
- C.
The consequences that result from the particular law, policy, or practice in question
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. The underlying reasons for the particular law, policy, or practice in questionExplanation
Philosophers and social scientists argue that while it may be difficult to determine the moral rightness or wrongness of laws, policies, and practices, we can still make judgments about the underlying reasons behind them. By examining the motivations and intentions behind a particular law, policy, or practice, we can assess its ethical implications and evaluate whether it aligns with certain moral principles or values. This suggests that understanding the underlying reasons can provide insight into the moral implications of a law, policy, or practice.Rate this question:
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- 23.
________ is a position which holds that governments can and should pass laws to prohibit behaviors if those behaviors are considered to be immoral-even if they do not cause harm to self or others.
- A.
The harm principle revised
- B.
Utilitarianism
- C.
Legal moralism
- D.
Paternalism
Correct Answer
C. Legal moralismExplanation
Legal moralism is a position that supports the idea that governments have the authority to pass laws prohibiting behaviors that are considered immoral, even if those behaviors do not cause harm to oneself or others. This means that the government can intervene and regulate actions based on moral judgments, regardless of the absence of harm.Rate this question:
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