Chapter 6 For Test 2 In Justice And Ethics

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  • 1/23 Questions

    ________ refers to the refusal to entertain criticisms or challenges to one's beliefs.

    • Pragmatism
    • Dogmatism
    • Determinism
    • Universalism
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About This Quiz

This quiz focuses on ethical considerations in justice, exploring pragmatic relativism, cultural diversity, and moral limits in criminal law.

Chapter 6 For Test 2 In Justice And Ethics - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Agents of criminal justice are exposed to difference and diversity of cultural and subcultural values routinely, thus recognizing ________ and being ________ is very important within the profession.

    • Variability; open-minded

    • Crimes; dutiful

    • Utility; practical

    • Offenders; assertive

    Correct Answer
    A. Variability; open-minded
    Explanation
    In the field of criminal justice, agents come across individuals from various cultural and subcultural backgrounds on a regular basis. To effectively deal with this diversity, it is crucial for them to acknowledge and understand the variability in values and beliefs. This requires them to have an open-minded approach, being receptive to different perspectives and willing to adapt their methods accordingly. By being open-minded, agents can better navigate the complexities of cultural differences and ensure fairness and justice in their profession.

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  • 3. 

    ________ comes in a variety of forms, though the basic idea of each is that the purpose of anything (e.g., values, beliefs, laws, or research) is not to uncover or represent the truth, but allow us to more effectively and/or comfortably live our lives.

    • Pragmatism

    • Relativism

    • Determinism

    • Universalism

    Correct Answer
    A. Pragmatism
    Explanation
    Pragmatism is the correct answer because it aligns with the idea that the purpose of anything is not to uncover or represent the truth, but rather to allow us to live our lives more effectively and comfortably. Pragmatism emphasizes practicality and usefulness over absolute truth or principles. It suggests that the value of beliefs, laws, or research lies in their ability to serve a practical purpose and bring about desired outcomes, rather than in their adherence to objective truth.

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  • 4. 

    Relativism can be contrasted with:

    • Ethical objectivism

    • Ethical absolutism

    • Ethical universalism

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "all of the above" because relativism is the belief that ethical principles and moral judgments are subjective and vary depending on individual perspectives or cultural norms. In contrast, ethical objectivism asserts that there are objective moral principles that apply universally, regardless of individual or cultural differences. Ethical absolutism takes a similar stance, arguing that there are absolute moral truths that are universally valid. Ethical universalism, on the other hand, posits that there are universal ethical principles that apply to all individuals, regardless of their cultural or personal beliefs. Therefore, all three options are contrasting viewpoints to relativism.

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  • 5. 

    Where conflict over moral values and appropriate behavior exists, who or what must supply the working answers?

    • Religious beliefs

    • The powerful

    • Law

    • Police officers

    Correct Answer
    A. Law
    Explanation
    In situations where there is a conflict regarding moral values and appropriate behavior, the law is responsible for providing the working answers. The law serves as a set of rules and regulations that govern society and dictate what is considered acceptable behavior. It is designed to ensure order, protect individuals' rights, and resolve conflicts. By following the law, individuals and society as a whole can maintain a sense of justice and fairness in determining what is morally right or wrong.

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  • 6. 

    The four principles that might be used to determine whether the government can legitimately prohibit or criminalize certain forms of behavior are:

    • The harm principle, paternalism, pragmatism, explicit conduct

    • The harm principle, paternalism, legal moralism, offensive conduct

    • Paternalism, legal moralism, pragmatism, determinism

    • Legal moralism, offensive conduct, utilitarianism, metaethical moralism

    Correct Answer
    A. The harm principle, paternalism, legal moralism, offensive conduct
    Explanation
    The four principles that might be used to determine whether the government can legitimately prohibit or criminalize certain forms of behavior are the harm principle, paternalism, legal moralism, and offensive conduct. The harm principle considers whether the behavior causes harm to others. Paternalism involves the government restricting behavior for the individual's own good. Legal moralism examines whether the behavior is morally wrong. Offensive conduct looks at whether the behavior is offensive to society's moral standards. These principles help determine whether the government has a legitimate reason to prohibit or criminalize certain behaviors.

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  • 7. 

    ________ holds that it is justifiable and morally permissible for the government to use law and policy to coercively protect people from themselves.

    • Paternalism

    • The harm principle

    • Determinism

    • Legal moralism

    Correct Answer
    A. Paternalism
    Explanation
    Paternalism is the correct answer because it refers to the belief that the government has the right to restrict individual freedom in order to protect individuals from harm or to promote their own well-being. This involves using laws and policies to coerce individuals into making certain choices that are deemed to be in their best interest, even if they may not agree with or fully understand the reasons behind those choices.

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  • 8. 

    ________ acknowledges and describes the presence of moral differences between groups of people.

    • Metaethical relativism

    • Descriptive relativism

    • Soft determinism

    • Hard determinism

    Correct Answer
    A. Descriptive relativism
    Explanation
    Descriptive relativism acknowledges and describes the presence of moral differences between groups of people. It recognizes that different cultures or societies may have different moral beliefs and values, and there is no objective or universal standard for morality. This perspective focuses on the observation and description of these moral differences rather than making any judgments about their validity or superiority.

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  • 9. 

    ________ is often recognized as one of the earliest proponents of-and by some accounts the father-of what we now refer to as relativism.

    • Plato

    • Protagoras

    • Aristotle

    • Feinberg

    Correct Answer
    A. Protagoras
    Explanation
    Protagoras is often recognized as one of the earliest proponents of relativism. He is considered the father of what we now refer to as relativism because he argued that truth and morality are subjective and can vary from person to person. Protagoras believed that individuals have their own unique perspectives and experiences, which shape their understanding of the world. Therefore, he believed that there is no absolute truth or morality, but rather, truth and morality are relative to each individual's perspective.

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  • 10. 

    Relativism is often interpreted as a strategy in support of ________ with regard to the beliefs and practices of others, however, pure relativism implies that ________should be tolerated as well.

    • Tolerance; intolerance

    • Acceptance; intolerance

    • Intolerance; tolerance

    • Rejection; acceptance

    Correct Answer
    A. Tolerance; intolerance
    Explanation
    Relativism is often seen as a strategy that promotes tolerance towards the beliefs and practices of others. However, pure relativism suggests that intolerance should not be tolerated. In other words, while relativism encourages acceptance and understanding of different perspectives, it does not support or tolerate intolerance.

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  • 11. 

    Most people do tend to think of morality as relative, at least to ________ circumstances.

    • Historical

    • Practical

    • Situational

    • Functional

    Correct Answer
    A. Situational
    Explanation
    Most people do tend to think of morality as relative, at least to situational circumstances. This means that people believe that what is considered morally right or wrong can vary depending on the specific situation or context. People may argue that certain actions may be morally acceptable in one situation but not in another. This perspective acknowledges that morality is not absolute and can be influenced by factors such as cultural norms, personal beliefs, and the specific details of a given situation.

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  • 12. 

    Relativism does not simply acknowledge historical and cultural differences, it suggests that such differences are:

    • Intervening

    • Nominal

    • Ordinal

    • Numerical

    Correct Answer
    A. Ordinal
    Explanation
    Relativism acknowledges historical and cultural differences and suggests that such differences are ordinal. This means that these differences can be ranked or ordered in terms of their significance or importance. Relativism recognizes that different cultures and historical contexts may have different values, beliefs, and practices, and it does not impose a universal standard or judgment on them. Instead, it recognizes the diversity and complexity of human experiences and perspectives, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of cultural relativism.

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  • 13. 

    ________ is a position which holds that governments can and should pass laws to prohibit behaviors if those behaviors are considered to be immoral-even if they do not cause harm to self or others.

    • The harm principle revised

    • Utilitarianism

    • Legal moralism

    • Paternalism

    Correct Answer
    A. Legal moralism
    Explanation
    Legal moralism is a position that supports the idea that governments have the authority to pass laws prohibiting behaviors that are considered immoral, even if those behaviors do not cause harm to oneself or others. This means that the government can intervene and regulate actions based on moral judgments, regardless of the absence of harm.

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  • 14. 

    What type of relativism argues that given the presence of cultural variability, there is no objective sense in which right and wrong can be discussed?

    • Deterministic

    • Metaethical

    • Descriptive

    • Pragmatic

    Correct Answer
    A. Metaethical
    Explanation
    Metaethical relativism argues that because of the presence of cultural variability, there is no objective or universal standard to determine what is right or wrong. It suggests that moral judgments are subjective and vary from culture to culture. This perspective emphasizes that there is no absolute truth or moral framework that can be used to evaluate ethical claims, as they are dependent on cultural beliefs and values.

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  • 15. 

    Descriptive relativism serves as a premise, reason, or foundation for accepting the broader and more controversial claims of metaethical and ________ relativism.

    • Normative

    • Pragmatic

    • A and B

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Normative
    Explanation
    Descriptive relativism provides a basis or justification for accepting normative relativism. Normative relativism is the belief that moral judgments are relative to individuals or cultures, meaning that there are no universal moral truths. Descriptive relativism, on the other hand, is the observation that different individuals or cultures have different moral beliefs. By recognizing and accepting this descriptive fact, one can then argue for the normative claim that moral judgments should be relative. Therefore, descriptive relativism serves as a premise or foundation for accepting normative relativism.

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  • 16. 

    In The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, ________ explores four principles that might be used to determine whether the government can legitimately prohibit or criminalize certain forms of behavior.

    • Plato

    • Aristotle

    • Jeremy Bentham

    • Joel Feinberg

    Correct Answer
    A. Joel Feinberg
    Explanation
    Joel Feinberg explores four principles that might be used to determine whether the government can legitimately prohibit or criminalize certain forms of behavior.

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  • 17. 

    What is the definition of civil commitment?

    • Involuntary hospitalization for persons deemed mentally ill (though not necessarily legally incompetent) and presumed to be in need of psychiatric treatment

    • Voluntary hospitalization for persons deemed mentally ill (though not necessarily legally competent) and presumed to be in need of psychiatric treatment

    • A and B

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Involuntary hospitalization for persons deemed mentally ill (though not necessarily legally incompetent) and presumed to be in need of psychiatric treatment
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "involuntary hospitalization for persons deemed mentally ill (though not necessarily legally incompetent) and presumed to be in need of psychiatric treatment." Civil commitment refers to the process of involuntarily hospitalizing individuals who are considered mentally ill and believed to require psychiatric treatment. This can occur even if the person is not legally incompetent.

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  • 18. 

    ________ argues that morality is relative to particular cultures, time periods, and even subcultures within cultures and time periods.

    • Metaethics

    • Determinism

    • Pragmatism

    • Relativism

    Correct Answer
    A. Relativism
    Explanation
    Relativism is the correct answer because it argues that morality is not absolute and universal, but rather dependent on various factors such as cultures, time periods, and subcultures. It suggests that what is considered morally right or wrong can vary from one society or group to another. This view challenges the idea of objective moral truths and emphasizes the importance of cultural and contextual influences on moral judgments.

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  • 19. 

    Under pragmatic relativism, social reality consists merely of human constructions that are not right nor wrong, but ________ for a given culture at a given time.

    • Theologically-based

    • Popular

    • Desirable

    • Functional

    Correct Answer
    A. Functional
    Explanation
    Under pragmatic relativism, social reality is seen as a product of human constructions. These constructions are not judged as right or wrong, but rather as functional for a particular culture at a specific time. This means that what is considered functional may vary across different cultures and time periods. The other options, such as theologically-based, popular, and desirable, do not align with the concept of pragmatic relativism, as they imply a value judgment or a fixed standard of what is considered right or wrong.

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  • 20. 

    Mathematics and science offer empirical explanations that are based on observation and measurement; ethics is different because we cannot:

    • Anticipate the unpredictable consequences that may occur due to the emotional nature of beliefs and value systems

    • Visually observe the rightness or wrongness of moral beliefs and practices

    • Always please everyone

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Visually observe the rightness or wrongness of moral beliefs and practices
    Explanation
    Ethics is different from mathematics and science because it deals with moral beliefs and practices, which cannot be visually observed to determine their rightness or wrongness. Unlike empirical explanations in mathematics and science that are based on observation and measurement, ethics involves subjective judgments and values that cannot be directly observed. Therefore, visually observing the rightness or wrongness of moral beliefs and practices is not possible in ethics.

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  • 21. 

    Some philosophers and social scientists (including criminologists) suggest that even if we cannot say conclusively that certain laws, policies, and practices are right or wrong on a moral level we can make judgments concerning:

    • The individual or individuals who create the particular law, policy, or practice in question

    • The underlying reasons for the particular law, policy, or practice in question

    • The consequences that result from the particular law, policy, or practice in question

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. The underlying reasons for the particular law, policy, or practice in question
    Explanation
    Philosophers and social scientists argue that while it may be difficult to determine the moral rightness or wrongness of laws, policies, and practices, we can still make judgments about the underlying reasons behind them. By examining the motivations and intentions behind a particular law, policy, or practice, we can assess its ethical implications and evaluate whether it aligns with certain moral principles or values. This suggests that understanding the underlying reasons can provide insight into the moral implications of a law, policy, or practice.

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  • 22. 

    The claim of objectivity is a ________ claim.

    • Knowledge

    • Subjective

    • Ethical

    • Metaethical

    Correct Answer
    A. Knowledge
    Explanation
    The claim of objectivity is a knowledge claim because it pertains to the understanding and acquisition of knowledge. Objectivity refers to the ability to view things without bias or personal opinions, relying on facts and evidence instead. When someone claims objectivity, they are asserting that their perspective is based on objective facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or emotions. Therefore, the correct answer is knowledge.

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  • 23. 

    Universalism makes a claim very much related to, and following from, the argument of:

    • Relativism

    • Free will

    • Objectivism

    • Determinism

    Correct Answer
    A. Objectivism
    Explanation
    Universalism is a belief or doctrine that suggests that there are universal principles or truths that apply to all people, regardless of their individual circumstances or perspectives. This idea aligns with objectivism, which holds that there are objective truths or realities that exist independently of individual opinions or interpretations. Both universalism and objectivism reject the idea of relativism, which argues that truth and morality are subjective and vary from person to person. They also differ from determinism, which posits that human actions are determined by external factors and not by free will.

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 21, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Nov 10, 2008
    Quiz Created by
    Dnelson40
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