Chapter 5 Burton

1. Mr. Mason is working to Jacy to increase the number of pizza boxes she folds during her first thirty minutes at the pizza shop during her vocational instruction. She currently folds an average of 15 boxes during a 30-minute period. Mr. Mason would like to increase this number to 100. What would be most appropriate research design to use?

Changing criterion design

Multiple baseline design

Alternating treatment design

Changing conditions design

The most appropriate research design to use in this scenario would be a changing criterion design. This design allows for the systematic manipulation of the criteria for success in order to increase the desired behavior. In this case, Mr. Mason wants to increase the number of pizza boxes Jacy folds in a 30-minute period from 15 to 100. By gradually increasing the criterion over time, Jacy can work towards reaching the desired goal. This design would allow for clear measurement and evaluation of Jacy's progress as the criterion is changed.

Explanation

The most appropriate research design to use in this scenario would be a changing criterion design. This design allows for the systematic manipulation of the criteria for success in order to increase the desired behavior. In this case, Mr. Mason wants to increase the number of pizza boxes Jacy folds in a 30-minute period from 15 to 100. By gradually increasing the criterion over time, Jacy can work towards reaching the desired goal. This design would allow for clear measurement and evaluation of Jacy's progress as the criterion is changed.

2. When Dolores screams, her mother picks her up and holds her close. "Picking up and holding Dolores close is considered the:

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Uncontrolled variable

Confounding variable

The action of picking up and holding Dolores close is considered the independent variable because it is the variable that is deliberately manipulated or controlled by Dolores' mother. The outcome or effect of this action, which is Dolores stopping screaming or feeling comforted, would be the dependent variable.

Explanation

The action of picking up and holding Dolores close is considered the independent variable because it is the variable that is deliberately manipulated or controlled by Dolores' mother. The outcome or effect of this action, which is Dolores stopping screaming or feeling comforted, would be the dependent variable.

3. __________ refers to the researcher's efforts to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are directly related to maniplations of the independent variable.

Baseline

Exerpimental control

Repeated measurement

None of the above

Experimental control refers to the researcher's efforts to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are directly related to manipulations of the independent variable. This involves carefully designing and conducting the experiment in a way that minimizes the influence of extraneous variables and confounding factors, allowing for a clear understanding of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. By implementing experimental control, researchers can increase the internal validity of their study and confidently attribute any observed changes in the dependent variable to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Explanation

Experimental control refers to the researcher's efforts to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are directly related to manipulations of the independent variable. This involves carefully designing and conducting the experiment in a way that minimizes the influence of extraneous variables and confounding factors, allowing for a clear understanding of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. By implementing experimental control, researchers can increase the internal validity of their study and confidently attribute any observed changes in the dependent variable to the manipulation of the independent variable.

4. Ana consistently increases the number of baskets she makes each game. If the number of baskets she made over the last seven games were plotted on a graph, a _____ tread would be evident

Descending

Variable

Ascending

None of the above

The correct answer is ascending. This means that the number of baskets Ana makes each game is consistently increasing over the last seven games. If the data were plotted on a graph, the trend would show a rising pattern, indicating that Ana is improving and making more baskets with each game.

Explanation

The correct answer is ascending. This means that the number of baskets Ana makes each game is consistently increasing over the last seven games. If the data were plotted on a graph, the trend would show a rising pattern, indicating that Ana is improving and making more baskets with each game.

5. One disadvantage of an AB design is:

It cannot evaluate performance over time

It does not require a baseline

It has only a nondescriptive function

It does not allow for determining a functional relation

The AB design is a type of single-case research design that involves measuring a behavior before and after an intervention. One disadvantage of this design is that it does not allow for determining a functional relation. This means that it does not provide enough evidence to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the intervention and the change in behavior. Without a control condition or comparison group, it is difficult to determine whether the observed change in behavior is truly a result of the intervention or due to other factors. Therefore, the AB design may not be sufficient for making strong causal claims.

Explanation

The AB design is a type of single-case research design that involves measuring a behavior before and after an intervention. One disadvantage of this design is that it does not allow for determining a functional relation. This means that it does not provide enough evidence to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the intervention and the change in behavior. Without a control condition or comparison group, it is difficult to determine whether the observed change in behavior is truly a result of the intervention or due to other factors. Therefore, the AB design may not be sufficient for making strong causal claims.

6. If you were to bake seventeen pies and someone were to eat four of them, how many pies would you have to bake to get a total of seventeen pies again?

Seven

Thirteen

Five

Four

If you were to bake seventeen pies and someone were to eat four of them, you would have to bake four more pies to get a total of seventeen pies again. This is because if you initially bake seventeen pies and someone eats four, you would be left with thirteen pies. In order to reach seventeen pies again, you would need to bake four more.

Explanation

If you were to bake seventeen pies and someone were to eat four of them, you would have to bake four more pies to get a total of seventeen pies again. This is because if you initially bake seventeen pies and someone eats four, you would be left with thirteen pies. In order to reach seventeen pies again, you would need to bake four more.

7. Ms. Markham is concerned about Peter's arithmetic computation and work completion behaviors. The appropriate design for use in this instance is:

Changin criterion design

Changing conditions design

Reversal design

Multiple baseline design

A multiple baseline design would be the most appropriate design to use in this instance. This design involves starting interventions at different times for different behaviors or individuals, allowing for a comparison of the effects of the interventions. In this case, Ms. Markham can implement interventions for Peter's arithmetic computation and work completion behaviors at different times and observe the effects of each intervention separately. This design would provide valuable information about the effectiveness of the interventions and help identify which interventions are most effective for Peter's specific needs.

Explanation

A multiple baseline design would be the most appropriate design to use in this instance. This design involves starting interventions at different times for different behaviors or individuals, allowing for a comparison of the effects of the interventions. In this case, Ms. Markham can implement interventions for Peter's arithmetic computation and work completion behaviors at different times and observe the effects of each intervention separately. This design would provide valuable information about the effectiveness of the interventions and help identify which interventions are most effective for Peter's specific needs.

8. Fractionation is used to evaluate performance change when using:

A reversal design

A multiple baseline design

A changing conditions design

An alternating treatments design

Fractionation is used to evaluate performance change when using an alternating treatments design. In an alternating treatments design, two or more interventions are alternated rapidly to determine their effectiveness. Fractionation involves dividing the observation period into smaller segments, allowing for a more detailed analysis of the effects of each intervention. By comparing the performance within each segment, researchers can determine which intervention is more effective in producing the desired outcome. This method helps to identify the specific factors contributing to performance changes and provides valuable information for decision-making in intervention selection.

Explanation

Fractionation is used to evaluate performance change when using an alternating treatments design. In an alternating treatments design, two or more interventions are alternated rapidly to determine their effectiveness. Fractionation involves dividing the observation period into smaller segments, allowing for a more detailed analysis of the effects of each intervention. By comparing the performance within each segment, researchers can determine which intervention is more effective in producing the desired outcome. This method helps to identify the specific factors contributing to performance changes and provides valuable information for decision-making in intervention selection.

9. David can currently read 12 sight words. The curriculum criterion states that he must be able to read 50 sight words. His teachers plans to systematically introduce 4 new sight words at a time as David masters each new set. David's teacher should employ a:

Multiple baseline design

ABAB design

Reversal design

None of the above

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Explanation

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10. Michael counts on his fingers in order to answer arithmetic computation problems. The teacher wants to wean him off this crutch. She gives him, consecutively, various assistance stategies of lessening the concrete nature of his prompt. The most appropriate design for this example is:

Changing criterion design

AB design

Reversal design

Changing conditions design

In the given scenario, the teacher is trying to gradually reduce Michael's reliance on counting on his fingers by providing different assistance strategies. This approach of gradually changing the conditions and prompts to help Michael become less dependent on concrete methods aligns with the changing conditions design. This design allows for the systematic manipulation of variables to observe the effect on behavior. In this case, the teacher is manipulating the conditions and prompts to help Michael develop alternative strategies for arithmetic computation.

Explanation

In the given scenario, the teacher is trying to gradually reduce Michael's reliance on counting on his fingers by providing different assistance strategies. This approach of gradually changing the conditions and prompts to help Michael become less dependent on concrete methods aligns with the changing conditions design. This design allows for the systematic manipulation of variables to observe the effect on behavior. In this case, the teacher is manipulating the conditions and prompts to help Michael develop alternative strategies for arithmetic computation.