Hydrophobic Effect Chapter 3, 4, & 26
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- 1.Which of these is (are) always hydrophobic?
- A.
Glucose
- B.
Cholesterol
- C.
Amino acids
- D.
Proteins
- 2.
- A.
Sugar
- B.
K+
- C.
Cl
- D.
Water
- E.
Fat
- 3.Transmembrane proteins that make up enzymes in the plasma membrane are made up of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Most amino acids embedded in the membrane are ________, while most amino acids facing the extracellular fluid are __________.
- A.
Hydrophilic; hydrophilic
- B.
Hydrophilic; hydrophobic
- C.
Hydrophobic; hydrophobic
- D.
Hydrophobic; hydrophilic
- E.
Lipophilic; lipophobic
- 4.. ______ describes the number of particles of a solute in a solution, whereas ______ is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell.
- A.
Tonicity; osmolarity
- B.
Osmolarity; diffusion
- C.
Osmolarity; tonicity
- D.
Osmolarity; molarity
- E.
Tonicity; diffusion
- 5.Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________.
- A.
Osmosis; water pumps
- B.
Osmosis; aquaporins
- C.
Osmosis; uniport
- D.
Filtration; aquaporins
- E.
Filtration; water pumps
- 6.Facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common that both
- A.
Are processes involving transport of a solutes up its concentration gradient.
- B.
Are processes involving transport of a solutes down its concentration gradient.
- C.
Are processes involving the use of energy provided by ATP
- D.
Are processes ATP independent
- E.
Are cases of carrier-mediated transport.
- 7.The greater the concentration gradient the faster the diffusion rate.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 8.The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ____________.
- A.
Up; active transport
- B.
Up; facilitated transport
- C.
Up; cotransport
- D.
Down; active transport
- E.
Down; countertransport
- 9.A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. The concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid and will cause the cell to ______________.
- A.
Higher; swell
- B.
Lower; swell
- C.
Higher; shrink
- D.
Lower; shrink
- E.
Lower; burst
- 10.
- A.
Diffusion of oxygen from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration
- B.
Facilitated diffusion of K+
- C.
Transport of glucose down its concentration gradient
- D.
Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration
- E.
Transport of Cl- following its concentration gradient
- 11.Which of the following processes could occur only through the plasma membrane of a living cell?
- A.
Facilitated diffusion
- B.
Simple diffusion
- C.
Filtration
- D.
Osmosis
- E.
Active transport
- 12.What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
- A.
Exocytosis
- B.
Active transport
- C.
Ciliary action
- D.
Protein synthesis
- E.
Osmosis
- 13.Microvilli and cilia differ in their function but have the same internal structure.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 14.______ provide motility to a cell, ______ act as sensory "antenna" in many cells, and ____________ increase cell's surface area.
- A.
Cilia; microvilli; flagella
- B.
Microvilli; cilia; flagella
- C.
Microvilli; flagella; cilia
- D.
Flagella; microvilli; cilia
- E.
Flagella; cilia; microvilli
- 15.Cells lining the small intestine are specialized for absorption of nutrients. Their plasma membrane has ?
- A.
Flagella
- B.
Cilia
- C.
Microvilli
- D.
Glycocalyx
- E.
Dynein arms
- 16.A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of Normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about __________ NaCl.
- A.
Isotonic; 9%
- B.
Isotonic; 0.9%
- C.
Hypertonic; 9%
- D.
Hypotonic; 0.9%
- E.
Hypotonic; 9%
- 17.These are all membranous organelles except
- A.
Mitochondria
- B.
Ribosomes
- C.
Nucleus
- D.
Endoplasmic reticulum
- E.
The Golgi complex.
- 18.An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.
- A.
Organ system, organs
- B.
Organ system, organelle
- C.
Organ, organelles
- D.
Organ, molecules
- E.
Organelle, molecules
- 19.____________ gives structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through the cell.
- A.
Cholesterol
- B.
The nucleus
- C.
The plasma membrane
- D.
The Golgi complex
- E.
The cytoskeleton
- 20.Copying genetic information from DNA into RNA is called ________________________, whereas using the information contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called ________________________.
- A.
Transcription; translation
- B.
Translation; transcription
- C.
DNA replication; translation
- D.
DNA duplication; transcription
- E.
DNA translation; RNA transcription
- 21.Transcription occurs in the _________________, but most translation occurs in the _____________.
- A.
Nucleus; cytoplasm
- B.
Nucleus; nucleolus
- C.
Cytoplasm; nucleus
- D.
Nucleolus; cytoplasm
- E.
Nucleolus; rough endoplasmic reticulum
- 22.After translation, a protein may undergo structural changes called ________________ modifications.
- A.
Splicing
- B.
Posttranscriptional
- C.
Posttranslational
- D.
Polyribosomal
- E.
Secretory
- 23.All of the following are directly involved in translation except
- A.
DNA
- B.
MRNA
- C.
TRNA
- D.
RRNA
- E.
Ribosomes
- 24.This figure shows translation of mRNA. What does "A" show?
- A.
The molecule that carries codons
- B.
The molecule that carries anticodons
- C.
The molecule that carries base triplets
- D.
The molecule that carries amino acids
- E.
The molecule that carries tRNA
- 25.This figure shows translation of mRNA. What does "E" show?
- A.
A newly synthesized amino acid
- B.
A newly synthesized polypeptide
- C.
A newly synthesized nucleic acid
- D.
MRNA
- E.
TRNA
- 26.This figure shows translation of mRNA. What does "C" show?
- A.
MRNA
- B.
DNA
- C.
TRNA
- D.
MRNA bound to one amino acid
- E.
TRNA bound to one amino acid
- 27.The enzyme RNA polymerase participates in translation.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 28.Which of the following omits some stage(s) of the cell cycle?
- A.
G1, S, G2, mitotic phase
- B.
Interphase, mitotic phase
- C.
G1, DNA replication, G2, mitotic phase
- D.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
- E.
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
- 29.After mitosis each chromosome consists of two parallel filaments called sister chromatids.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 30.Mitosis is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 31.Cytokinesis overlaps with which phase of mitosis?
- A.
The S phase
- B.
Telophase
- C.
Metaphase
- D.
Prophase
- E.
Interphase
- 32.Which of these processes occurs during a cell's first gap (G1) phase?
- A.
DNA is semiconservatively replicated
- B.
The nuclear envelope breaks down.
- C.
The cell synthesizes the enzymes that control mitosis
- D.
The cell synthesizes proteins and grows.
- E.
The chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
- 33.A cell finishing mitosis has ________________ DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has ______________ DNA molecules.
- A.
46; 46
- B.
46; 92
- C.
46; 23
- D.
23; 46
- E.
23; 23
- 34.If one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another, we say that it is a(an) ________________ allele.
- A.
Homozygous
- B.
Heterozygous
- C.
Recessive
- D.
Dominant
- E.
Suppressed
- 35.Hemophilia is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. This means that
- A.
Women can be carriers but cannot get hemophilia
- B.
The gene is found on the Y chromosome
- C.
A man can give the allele to his son but not to his daughter
- D.
A son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother.
- E.
A son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his father.
- 36.Since there are no genes coding for carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or lipids, how do cells produce them?
- A.
Enzymes encoded by genes synthesize these products
- B.
Cells are born with all the products they need
- C.
Cells absorb these products by endocytosis.
- D.
Cells import these products from older cells
- E.
Cells can produce carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids out of proteins.
- 37.___________________ are turned on or off by regulatory proteins in accordance with changing needs for the ___________________ they encode.
- A.
Enzymes; products
- B.
Ribosomes; proteins
- C.
Genes; proteins
- D.
Proteins; genes
- E.
Genes; ribosomes
- 38.The human genome consists of?
- A.
About 35,000 genes
- B.
Over 2 million genes
- C.
A, T, C, G, and U
- D.
DNA and RNA.
- E.
Genotype and phenotype
- 39.Many genes occur in alternative forms called alleles.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 40.The stage at which chromosomes aggregate along the equator of a cell is
- A.
Prophase
- B.
Metaphase
- C.
Anaphase
- D.
Telophase
- E.
Interphase
- 41.A karyotype shows the __________________ chromosomes sorted and isolated from a cell in ________________.
- A.
23; interphase
- B.
23; metaphase
- C.
46; prophase
- D.
46; metaphase
- E.
46; S phase
- 42.All of the body's nonreproductive cells, called ________________, usually have ______________ and are thus called ____________ cells.
- A.
Germ cells; 23 pairs of chromosomes; haploid
- B.
Germ cells; 23 chromosomes; haploid
- C.
Somatic cells; 23 pairs of chromosomes; haploid
- D.
Somatic cells; 23 pairs of chromosomes; diploid
- E.
Somatic cells; 23 chromosomes; diploid
- 43.Macronutrients include
- A.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, but no water
- B.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water
- C.
Sodium, potassium,calcium, chloride, and phosphorus
- D.
Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
- E.
Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
- 44.Most carbohydrates in the body are found in
- A.
Adipose tissue
- B.
Blood
- C.
Pancreas
- D.
Muscular tissue
- E.
Liver
- 45.Lipid functions include all of the following except
- A.
Forming myelin around nerve fibers
- B.
Forming of the skeletal muscle fibers
- C.
Plasma membrane structure
- D.
Cushioning around soft organs
- E.
Chemical structure of hormones
- 46._________ constitutes the so-called "bad cholesterol."
- A.
Low-density lipoproteins
- B.
Triglycerides
- C.
High-density lipoproteins
- D.
Chylomicrons
- E.
Very-low-density lipoproteins
- 47.Which is the healthiest ratio?
- A.
High SFA : low HDL
- B.
High LDL : low HDL
- C.
High HDL : low LDL
- D.
High chylomicron : low LDL
- E.
High LDL : low chylomicron
- 48.Carbohydrates function as structural components of other molecules including all of the following except
- A.
Nucleic acids
- B.
Glycolipids
- C.
Glycoproteins
- D.
Amino acids
- E.
ATP
- 49.Oxygen ?
- A.
Transports electrons to the mitochondrion.
- B.
Is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
- C.
Directly transfers electrons and protons to NAD+ and FAD
- D.
Directly receives electrons and protons from NAD+ and FAD
- E.
Is the only substrate of aerobic respiration.
- 50._______ is a product of aerobic respiration.
- A.
Lactic acid
- B.
Glucose
- C.
Oxygen
- D.
Carbon dioxide
- E.
Pyruvic acid
- 51.Heat exhaustion results from
- A.
Extreme electrolyte loss in the sweat.
- B.
Denaturation of proteins in the brain tissue.
- C.
Excessive heat loss from the body.
- D.
A high rate of conduction and convection.
- E.
A high humidity that retards evaporative cooling.
- 52.Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of
- A.
Radiation
- B.
Conduction
- C.
ATP hydrolysis
- D.
Vasodilation
- E.
Glycolysis
- 53.The quickest physiological mechanism for achieving moderate heat loss is
- A.
Convection
- B.
Cutaneous vasoconstriction
- C.
Nonshivering thermogensis
- D.
Cutaneous vasodilation
- E.
Diaphoresis
- 54.The loss of body heat by conduction can be enhanced by
- A.
Convection
- B.
Evaporation
- C.
Nonshivering thermogenesis
- D.
Shivering thermogenesis
- E.
Radiation
- 55.A nude body at a room temperature of 21°C (70°F) loses most of its heat by
- A.
Evaporation
- B.
Conduction
- C.
Convection
- D.
Radiation
- E.
Forced convection
- 56.During periods of fasting, fat is said to have a protein-sparing effect because the body
- A.
Oxidizes its spare protein before it depletes its fat reserves.
- B.
Metabolizes fats and proteins through the same metabolic pathways.
- C.
Must have an adequate protein intake in order to absorb and metabolize fats.
- D.
Does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves first.
- E.
Does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves first
- 57.Only approximately _____________% of the energy in the glucose molecule winds up in ATP, the rest is lost as body heat.
- A.
10
- B.
20
- C.
40
- D.
80
- E.
90
- 58.Glycogenesis is stimulated by ____________, and glycogenolysis is stimulated by ____________.
- A.
Insulin; glucagon and epinephrine
- B.
Insulin; aldosterone
- C.
Growth hormone; glucagon and epinephrine
- D.
Growth hormone; cortisol
- E.
Growth hormone; insulin
- 59.Fats should account for about _______ percent of the daily caloric intake.
- A.
5
- B.
10
- C.
30
- D.
50
- E.
60
- 60._____________ does not raise total metabolic rate (TMR).
- A.
Starvation
- B.
Anxiety
- C.
Fever
- D.
Eating a big meal
- E.
Pregnancy
- 61.___________ is secreted during the postabsorptive state.
- A.
Gastrin
- B.
Insulin
- C.
Growth hormone
- D.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- E.
Secretin
- 62.The basal metabolic rate should be measured when a person
- A.
Is engaged in normal physical activity but not strenuous exercise.
- B.
Is in the absorptive state.
- C.
Has just eaten a meal of no more than 2000 kcal.
- D.
First rises in the morning.
- E.
Is sleeping
- 63.During the absorptive state
- A.
Lipolysis is active.
- B.
Fatty acids are oxidized for fuel.
- C.
Gluconeogenesis is suppressed.
- D.
Blood glucose falls.
- 64.People on weight-loss diets often lose weight quickly at first, but then more slowly. This is for all the following reasons except
- A.
The initial weight loss is mostly fat. the initial weight loss is mostly fat.
- B.
Water is lost quickly but other weight is harder to lose.
- C.
Will power often weakens as the diet progresses.
- D.
The body lowers its metabolic rate when it loses weight.
- E.
As a diet progresses, the body produces more fat even with the same caloric intake.
- 65.During the postabsorptive state
- A.
Blood glucose rises
- B.
Lipids are stored in adipose tissue
- C.
Glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis.
- D.
Protein synthesis is active.
- E.
Glucose is stored by glycogenesis.
- 66.During the postabsorptive state
- A.
Blood glucose rises
- B.
Lipids are stored in adipose tissue
- C.
Glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis.
- D.
Protein synthesis is active.
- E.
Glucose is stored by glycogenesis.
- 67.During the postabsorptive state
- A.
Blood glucose rises
- B.
Lipids are stored in adipose tissue
- C.
Glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis.
- D.
Protein synthesis is active.
- E.
Glucose is stored by glycogenesis.
- 68.The liver performs all of the following functions except
- A.
Secretion of digestive enzymes.
- B.
Glycogenesis
- C.
Detoxification
- D.
Phagocytosis
- E.
Synthesis of plasma proteins
- 69.The liver does not
- A.
Convert ammonia to urea.
- B.
Produce insulin and glucagon.
- C.
Carry out most beta oxidation.
- D.
Synthesize cholesterol.
- E.
Thesize glucose from fats and amino acids.
- 70.The highest rate of tissue protein turnover happens in the
- A.
Intestinal mucosa.
- B.
Gastric mucosa.
- 71.The first step in using amino acids as fuel is to _____________ them
- A.
Synthesize
- B.
Aminate
- C.
Transaminate
- D.
Deaminate
- E.
Digest
- 72.Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces ____________, which might lead to ____________.
- A.
Pyruvic acid; acidosis
- B.
Triglycerides; new triglycerides
- C.
Ketone bodies; acidosis
- D.
Acetyl-CoA; acidosis
- E.
Glycerol; alkalosis
- 73.Oxidation of a typical fatty acid can yield
- A.
129 ATP.
- B.
38 ATP
- C.
2 ATP
- D.
36 ATP
- E.
18 ATP
- 74.What metabolic process produces ammonia?
- A.
Beta oxidation of α-ketoglutaric acid
- B.
Lipolysis
- C.
Transamination of urea
- D.
Deamination of glutamic acid
- E.
Amination of keto acids
- 75.What metabolic process produces ammonia?
- A.
Beta oxidation of α-ketoglutaric acid
- B.
Lipolysis
- C.
Transamination of urea
- D.
Deamination of glutamic acid
- E.
Amination of keto acids
- 76.Fatty acids are catabolized by a process called
- A.
Ketogenesis
- B.
Beta oxidation
- C.
Lipogenesis
- D.
The fat-sparing effect
- E.
Lipolysis
- 77.Most of the NADH contributing energy to ATP synthesis is produced by
- A.
Anaerobic fermentation.
- B.
Glycolysis
- C.
The citric acid cycle.
- D.
Electron transfer from FADH2.
- E.
The mitochondrial proton pumps.
- 78.Glycolysis and aerobic respiration collectively produce up to ____________ ATP per glucose, whereas anaerobic fermentation produces _______________.
- A.
38; none
- B.
38; 2
- C.
2; about the same, varying from one tissue to another
- D.
38; about the same, varying from one tissue to another
- E.
38; 36
- 79.Which of the following compounds yields the most ATP per molecule?
- A.
Glycogen
- B.
Lactic acid
- C.
Acetyl-CoA
- D.
Pyruvic acid
- E.
Glucose
- 80.Most body 's fat is stored in
- A.
HDL
- B.
Cholesterol
- C.
Triglycerides
- D.
LDL
- E.
Fatty acids
- 81.The synthese of glucose from amino acids belongs to a metabolic process called
- A.
Gluconeogenesis
- B.
Glycolysis
- C.
Glycogen catabolism
- D.
Glycogenolysis
- E.
Glycogenesis
- 82.________ is a product of glycolysis
- A.
Pyruvic acid
- B.
Lactic acid
- C.
Acetyl-CoA
- D.
Carbon dioxide
- E.
Glucose
- 83.Vitamin deficiency is the most common worldwide.
- A.
D(calcitroil)
- B.
C(ascorbic acid)
- C.
E (a- tocopherol)
- D.
A (retinol)
- E.
B6 (pyridoxine)
- 84.Which of the following would you expect to be in a state of negative nitrogen?
- A.
Patients with muscle atrophy
- B.
Growing children
- C.
Weightlifters
- D.
Body builders
- E.
Pregnant women
- 85.Minerals are ________ , whereas vitamins are __________.
- A.
Micronutrients; macronutrients
- B.
Inorganic elements; organic compounds
- C.
Water-soluble elements; lipid-soluble compunds
- D.
Incomplete nutrients; complete nutrients
- E.
Inessential nutrients; essential nutrients
- 86.Proteins are associated with all these functions except
- A.
Enzymatic reactions
- B.
Serving as cofactors for enzymes
- C.
Transport of blood lipids
- D.
Muscle contraction
- E.
Blood viscosity and osmolarity
- 87.High-quality _________ proteins are those that provide all the essential amino acids
- A.
Incomplete
- B.
Net
- C.
Fibrous
- D.
Complete
- E.
Globular
- 88.Most protein in the body is found in ________
- A.
The muscular system
- B.
The skeletal system
- C.
The lymphatic system
- D.
The integumentary system
- E.
The cardiovascular system
- 89.HDL comes from _________?
- A.
The pancreas
- B.
The diet
- C.
The liver
- D.
The small intestines
- E.
The gallbladder
- 90.___________ yield about 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized, whereas _________ yield about 9kcal/g
- A.
Carbohydrates and fats; proteins
- B.
Proteins and carbohydrates; fats
- C.
Fats; carbohydrates and proteins
- D.
Proteins; fats and carbohydrates
- E.
Carbohydrates;fats and proteins
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