Chapter 28 - The Reproductive System

The correct answer is 3. The passage is referring to the uterine tube, which is also known as the fallopian tube. This is the passageway for the ovum (egg) to travel from the ovary to the uterus. It is also the usual site of fertilization, where the sperm meets and fertilizes the egg. Additionally, the uterine tube is the site where tubal ligation can be performed, which is a surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy.

The layer of uterine lining that is partially shed during each monthly cycle is called the endometrium.

Sertoli cells are the correct answer because they support and protect developing spermatogenic cells, secrete inhibin, and form the blood-testis barrier.

The cell produced by the union of an egg and a sperm is called a zygote. A zygote is formed when the genetic material from the egg and the sperm combine, resulting in a diploid cell with a complete set of chromosomes. This cell then undergoes further development and division to eventually form an embryo. The zygote is the first cell of a new individual and contains all the necessary genetic information for the development of an organism.

The term "degeneration" implies a process of deterioration or breakdown. In the context of oogonia, which are the precursor cells of eggs, degeneration refers to the natural process of cell death or elimination. This can occur both before and after birth. Therefore, the correct answer is 6) atresia, which refers to the degeneration or breakdown of oogonia.

The correct answer is 6. The opening between the uterus and vagina is called the cervix.

The cremaster muscle is responsible for the contraction and relaxation movements that move the testes near to or away from the pelvic cavity.

Inhibin is a hormone that is produced by the ovaries and testes. It acts to inhibit the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the anterior pituitary gland. FSH is responsible for the development and maturation of follicles in the ovaries and the production of sperm in the testes. By inhibiting FSH production, inhibin helps to regulate the reproductive system and prevent excessive follicle development or sperm production.

Testosterone is the correct answer because it stimulates male pattern of development, stimulates protein synthesis, and contributes to sex drive.

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) stimulates the initial secretion of estrogen by growing follicles and promotes follicle growth.

During meiosis, crossing-over occurs when portions of homologous chromosomes exchange with each other. This process is important for genetic variation as it leads to the creation of new combinations of alleles on chromosomes. Crossing-over increases genetic diversity by shuffling genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting in unique combinations of genes in the offspring.

The correct answer is 5) polar body. In the process of meiosis, the egg cell undergoes two divisions, resulting in the formation of one functional egg cell and one or more polar bodies. The polar bodies are smaller non-functional cells that do not contribute to the development of an embryo. They contain discarded nuclear material and are eventually broken down and reabsorbed by the body. Therefore, a packet of discarded nuclear material from the first or second meiotic division of the egg is referred to as a polar body.

The correct answer is (3) diploid. A diploid cell refers to a cell that contains the full chromosome number, which is typically found in most cells of an organism's body. This means that each chromosome is present in pairs, with one copy inherited from each parent. Diploid cells are important for the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms.

The correct answer is 13 because the mammary glands are the modified sudoriferous glands involved in lactation.

The correct answer is 11. The paraurethral glands are mucus-secreting glands in the female that are homologous to the prostate gland in males. These glands are also known as Skene's glands and are located near the urethra. They secrete a small amount of mucus that helps lubricate the urethra during sexual arousal.

The correct answer is 8. The vagina is the female copulatory organ and the birth canal. It is a muscular canal that connects the uterus to the external opening of the female reproductive system. During sexual intercourse, the penis enters the vagina, allowing for sperm to be deposited in the reproductive tract. During childbirth, the baby passes through the vagina to be born.

The scrotum is the supporting structure for the testes. It is a pouch of skin that holds the testes and helps to regulate their temperature. The scrotum contracts and relaxes to bring the testes closer to or further away from the body, depending on the temperature. This helps to maintain the optimal temperature for sperm production.

The correct answer is 2) haploid. Haploid refers to cells containing one-half the chromosome number. In humans, haploid cells are the gametes (sperm and egg cells) which contain only one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes.

The correct answer is 10 - clitoris. The clitoris is a small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves in the female reproductive system. It is considered the homologue of the male glans penis.

The correct answer is 4. The fimbriae are finger-like projections located at the end of the uterine tube. They help to draw the ovum (egg) from the ovary into the uterine tube.

The correct answer is 9 because the vulva refers to the external genitals of the female.

The correct answer is 13. The urethra is the shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems in the male. It serves as a passage for both urine and semen to exit the body.

Prolactin is the anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production.

The corpus luteum is responsible for producing progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin. These hormones play important roles in the female reproductive system, including regulating the menstrual cycle, preparing the uterus for pregnancy, and maintaining pregnancy. The corpus luteum forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation and continues to produce hormones until it degenerates. Therefore, choice 2, corpus luteum, is the correct answer.

The ejaculatory duct is responsible for ejecting sperm into the urethra just before ejaculation.

The correct answer is 5. The explanation for this answer is that the uterus is the site of menstruation, where the lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual cycle. It is also the site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, where the fertilized egg attaches and develops into an embryo. Additionally, the uterus is commonly known as the womb, where a fertilized egg can implant and develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The correct answer is 4. The penis is the male copulatory organ, responsible for the ejaculation of sperm and the excretion of urine. It contains erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal, allowing for penetration during sexual intercourse.

The correct answer is 1, spermatogenic cells. Spermatogenic cells are the cells in the testes that undergo meiosis to produce sperm. They are responsible for the production of sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis. These cells are found in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and are essential for male fertility.

The spermatic cord is a supporting structure that consists of various components including the ductus deferens, testicular artery, autonomic nerves, veins that drain the testes, lymphatic vessels, and the cremaster muscle. These components work together to provide support and function to the testes. Therefore, the correct answer is 14.

The correct answer is 9 because the seminiferous tubules are the site of spermatogenesis, which is the process of sperm cell development and maturation.

The correct answer is 14. The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus that is responsible for the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus during childbirth. It consists of smooth muscle tissue that contracts and relaxes to facilitate the movement of the fetus out of the uterus and into the birth canal.

The correct answer is 6, epididymis. The epididymis is the site of sperm maturation, where sperm cells undergo further development and acquire the ability to swim and fertilize an egg.

The correct answer is 11. The prostate gland surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder and produces secretions that contribute to sperm motility and viability.

Estrogens promote the development of female reproductive structures and also help to lower blood cholesterol levels.

The explanation for the correct answer (12) is that the greater vestibular glands, also known as Bartholin's glands, produce mucus in the female during sexual arousal and intercourse. These glands are homologous to the male bulbourethral glands, which also produce mucus during sexual activity. The mucus helps to lubricate the vagina and facilitate smoother intercourse.

The group of cells that nourish the developing oocyte and begin to secrete estrogens is called the follicle.

Leydig cells are responsible for producing testosterone.

LH (luteinizing hormone) stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone in males and triggers ovulation in females.

Relaxin is the correct answer because it is a hormone that relaxes the uterus by inhibiting myometrial contractions during monthly cycles. It also increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during childbirth.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent androgen that is responsible for the development of male external genitalia during fetal development. It is derived from testosterone through the action of the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. DHT binds to androgen receptors in target tissues, promoting the growth and differentiation of the male external genitalia. Therefore, choice 12, dihydrotestosterone, is the correct answer as it specifically stimulates male external genital development.

Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain the uterine lining during the first trimester of pregnancy.

The bulbourethral glands, also known as Cowper's glands, produce an alkaline substance that neutralizes acids in the urethra. This alkaline substance helps protect the sperm by creating a more favorable environment for their survival and movement.

Oxytocin is the posterior pituitary hormone responsible for uterine contraction and the release of milk from mammary glands.

Menarche refers to the first occurrence of menstruation in girls, typically around the age of 12-14. Menopause, on the other hand, refers to the permanent cessation of menstruation in women, usually occurring around the age of 45-55. These terms are used to describe two important milestones in a woman's reproductive life: the beginning and the end of her menstrual cycle.

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Androgens contribute to male sexual behavior, spermatogenesis, and libido.

The correct answer is 10) seminal vesicle. The seminal vesicle secretes an alkaline fluid that helps neutralize acids in the female reproductive tract. Additionally, it secretes fructose which is used in ATP production by sperm.

Spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production, does not occur at normal core body temperature. The testes, where spermatogenesis takes place, are located outside the body in the scrotum. This is because sperm production requires a temperature slightly lower than the normal core body temperature. If the testes were inside the body, the higher temperature would inhibit the production of healthy sperm. Therefore, the statement is true.

Puberty is the correct answer because it refers to the period when secondary sexual characteristics start to develop and individuals become capable of sexual reproduction. It is a natural process that occurs during adolescence and involves hormonal changes, such as a surge in testosterone for males and estrogen for females. This stage marks the transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by physical, emotional, and social changes. Maturity, troublesome, and testosterone/estrogen surge are incorrect options as they do not accurately describe the specific period of sexual development.

The route of sperm from the production in the testes to the exterior of the body is as follows: seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testes, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra, external urethral orifice. This is the correct sequence of structures through which sperm travels before it is ejaculated out of the body.