Chapter 21 Section 3: British Rule In India

During the time of British rule in India, the soldiers who served in the army of the British East India Company were referred to as "Sepoys". This term specifically referred to the Indian soldiers who were paid by the British East India Company to serve in their military forces. The Sepoys played a crucial role in maintaining British control over India and were often deployed to various regions to enforce British authority.

Gandhi led the movement that led to Indian independence. He played a pivotal role in advocating for nonviolent civil disobedience and mobilizing the masses against British colonial rule. Through his leadership and principles of truth, nonviolence, and self-reliance, Gandhi inspired millions of Indians to join the struggle for independence, ultimately leading to the end of British rule in 1947. Queen Victoria and Lord Thomas Macaulay did not directly contribute to the Indian independence movement.

The correct answer is Islam and Hindu. This is because Islam and Hinduism were the two major religions in India during the time of British rule. Hinduism is the predominant religion in India, with the majority of the population being Hindus. Islam, on the other hand, is the second-largest religion in India, with a significant Muslim population. These two religions have coexisted in India for centuries and continue to be influential in the country's religious and cultural landscape.

The British government ruled India directly through an official called a Viceroy. The Viceroy was appointed by the British monarch and served as the representative of the British crown in India. They had significant powers and authority, overseeing the administration and governance of the country. The Viceroy was responsible for implementing British policies, maintaining law and order, and managing relations with the Indian princely states. This system of direct rule by a Viceroy allowed the British government to exert control over India and further their colonial interests.

The Sepoy Mutiny, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was a significant uprising against British rule in India. The correct answer states that as a result of the mutiny, Britain transferred control of India from the British East India Company directly to the British government. This is accurate as the mutiny exposed the weaknesses of the East India Company's administration and led to the British Crown assuming direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858. This marked a major shift in the governance of India and laid the foundation for British colonial rule in the country.

The correct answer is that a rumor spread stating that new cartridges given to the sepoys were greased with cow and pig fat. This explanation suggests that the Sepoy Mutiny was triggered by the belief among the sepoys that the cartridges they were required to bite open were greased with animal fat that was offensive to their religious beliefs. This rumor led to widespread discontent and rebellion among the sepoys, ultimately resulting in the Sepoy Mutiny.

In 1885, a small group of Indian nationalists created the Indian National Congress (INC). The INC was formed with the aim of demanding political rights and representation for Indians under British rule. It played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and became the largest and most influential political organization in India. The INC advocated for self-rule and fought for the rights and welfare of the Indian people. It organized various campaigns, protests, and movements to challenge British colonial rule and ultimately played a crucial role in achieving independence for India in 1947.

The British East India Company was initially given the power to rule India by Great Britain. The company was granted a royal charter in 1600 and it established trading posts in India. Over time, the company's influence and control expanded, and it became involved in political and military affairs. The company's rule in India lasted until the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British government took direct control. Therefore, the correct answer is the British East India Company.

During British rule, several benefits were brought to India. Railroads, the telegraph, and a postal service were introduced, which greatly improved communication and transportation within the country. Additionally, a new school system was established, providing education opportunities to a wider population. British rule also brought order and stability to a country that had been torn apart by civil war, ensuring a more peaceful and organized society. Therefore, all of the given statements are true and reflect the positive impacts of British rule in India.

The Indians call the Sepoy Mutiny the First War of Independence because it was a significant rebellion against British rule in India in 1857. The mutiny was not just a mere uprising, but a coordinated and widespread revolt by Indian soldiers (sepoys) against the British East India Company. It marked a turning point in India's struggle for independence and is considered as the first organized resistance against British colonialism. The term "First War of Independence" reflects the Indian perspective that the rebellion was a fight for freedom and self-rule rather than just a mutiny or uprising.

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The English-educated upper class is the correct answer because during the time of Indian nationalism, many individuals from this class played a significant role in the movement. They were exposed to Western ideas and education, which influenced their nationalist sentiments and desire for independence from British rule. This class had access to resources, networks, and platforms that allowed them to effectively organize and lead the nationalist movement. Their education and exposure to Western ideals also contributed to their ability to articulate their grievances and demands for self-governance.