Chapter 2 Quiz 2 (2nd Secondary Biology)

Arteries have thick, muscular walls containing elastic fibers in order to help them carry blood at high pressure. This is because arteries are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. The thick walls and elastic fibers allow the arteries to withstand the force of the blood being pumped by the heart and maintain the high pressure needed to efficiently distribute oxygenated blood to the tissues and organs throughout the body.

After a meal, the concentration of glucose in the blood increases. The hepatic portal vein is responsible for carrying blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver. This vein transports the nutrients, including glucose, absorbed from the intestines directly to the liver for processing and storage. Therefore, the hepatic portal vein has the highest concentration of glucose soon after a meal.

The number "116" or systolic number refers to the amount of blood pressure inside the arteries. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. The systolic number represents the pressure exerted on the arterial walls when the heart contracts and pumps blood. Therefore, the correct answer is arteries.

The pulmonary circulation is responsible for carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, and then returning it to the left atrium of the heart. This circulation is separate from the systemic circulation, which carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. The arteries in the pulmonary circulation carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart.

In the human circulatory system, veins are responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart. However, there is one exception called the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. In the given diagram, the number 9 is circled, indicating that it represents the vein that carries oxygenated blood.

This sequence is the correct systemic circulation pathway because it starts in the left atrium, which receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. From the left atrium, the blood flows into the left ventricle, which then pumps it into the aorta. The aorta carries the oxygenated blood to the arteries, which distribute it to the tissues. After the tissues have used up the oxygen and nutrients from the blood, the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the veins. In this sequence, the blood returns to the right atrium, completing the systemic circulation pathway.

The function of valves in the circulatory system is to prevent the backflow of blood. Valves are present in the veins and they ensure that blood flows in one direction, towards the heart. When the heart contracts and pumps blood, the valves open to allow blood to flow forward, and then close to prevent it from flowing backward. This helps maintain the proper flow of blood and prevents any regurgitation or backflow.

The left ventricle contracts with the highest pressure because it is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood out of the heart and into the body's main artery, the aorta. This requires a strong contraction to overcome the resistance of the systemic circulation and ensure that oxygenated blood reaches all the organs and tissues of the body. The left ventricle has thicker walls and a more muscular structure compared to the other chambers of the heart, enabling it to generate the necessary force to pump blood effectively.

Plasma carries nutrients such as glucose, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It is the liquid component of blood and makes up about 55% of total blood volume. Plasma also transports hormones, waste products, and antibodies throughout the body. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and hemoglobin have different functions in the blood but do not directly carry nutrients.

When blood is pumped into the thin-walled blood vessels of the lungs, carbon dioxide is replaced with oxygen. This occurs through a process called gas exchange, where oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood while carbon dioxide, a waste product, diffuses out of the blood and into the lungs. This exchange of gases allows the blood to become oxygenated and ready to be transported to the body's tissues.

Pericardial fluid is a lubricating fluid that is found between the layers of the pericardium, the outer covering of the heart. Its main function is to reduce friction between the membranes of the heart, allowing the heart to beat and function smoothly. This fluid also helps to cushion and protect the heart from any external impacts or movements.

The lymphatic system is responsible for returning excess fluids that collect in tissues back to the blood. This function is important for maintaining fluid balance in the body and preventing tissue swelling. The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and lymph nodes that collect and filter lymph, a fluid that contains waste products, pathogens, and excess fluid from the tissues. The lymph is then returned to the bloodstream, where it can be processed and eliminated by the body.

Arteries have the highest pressure among the given options. Arteries are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the body. The walls of arteries are thick and muscular, allowing them to withstand and maintain high pressure as blood is pumped from the heart. Veins, on the other hand, carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and have lower pressure. Arterioles are smaller branches of arteries, and capillaries are tiny blood vessels where exchange of nutrients and waste products occurs. However, neither arterioles nor capillaries have the highest pressure.

At high altitudes, the atmospheric oxygen level is lower than at sea level. This means that individuals living at high altitudes need more red blood cells (RBCs) to absorb the required amount of oxygen to survive. The body compensates for the lower oxygen levels by producing more RBCs, which carry oxygen to the tissues. This helps individuals at high altitudes maintain adequate oxygen supply despite the lower atmospheric oxygen levels.

Blood returning to the heart from the arms, shoulders, and head passes through the superior vena cava. The superior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart. It receives blood from the veins of the arms, shoulders, and head, and then delivers it to the right side of the heart for oxygenation. The inferior vena cava, on the other hand, carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, and the hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver.

The spleen is responsible for storing extra blood and releasing it when there is a shortage. It acts as a reservoir for red and white blood cells and platelets, which can be released into the bloodstream when needed. The adrenal gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism and stress response. The pancreas produces insulin and helps in digestion. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism and growth.

Plasma is the correct answer because it is the liquid component of blood that carries various substances, including minerals, vitamins, sugar, and other nutrients, to the body's cells. It also transports waste products away from the cells. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting, red blood corpuscles carry oxygen, and white blood corpuscles are involved in the immune response.

The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood into the aorta. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and then passes it to the left ventricle. The left ventricle is the largest and strongest chamber of the heart, and it contracts forcefully to pump blood into the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. This oxygenated blood is then distributed to the rest of the body's tissues and organs through the network of arteries.

If the radius of blood vessels of a person increases, his/her blood pressure will decrease. This is because when the radius of blood vessels increases, the total cross-sectional area of the vessels also increases. As a result, the blood flow slows down and the resistance to blood flow decreases, leading to a decrease in blood pressure.

The pulmonary vein carries the most oxygen because it is responsible for transporting oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. After the blood is oxygenated in the lungs, it enters the left atrium of the heart through the pulmonary vein. From there, it is pumped out to the rest of the body through the systemic circulation. Therefore, the pulmonary vein carries the blood with the highest oxygen content.

The correct answer is 1: Thick, 2: Large, 3: Yes, 4: No. This answer is correct because it accurately compares the structure of the three major blood vessels. Thick walls indicate that the vessel is able to withstand high pressure, while large size indicates that the vessel carries a large volume of blood. The presence of valves (indicated by "Yes" in 3) is a characteristic of veins, which prevent backflow of blood. The absence of oxygen (indicated by "No" in 4) suggests that the vessel is either a vein or an artery, as both carry deoxygenated blood.

The black arrows in the diagram represent the movement of lymph, while the white arrows represent the movement of blood.

The hepatic portal vein is the vessel that begins and ends in capillaries. It carries blood from the capillaries of the digestive organs, such as the stomach and intestines, to the capillaries of the liver. This allows for the absorption of nutrients and the detoxification of substances before they enter the systemic circulation. The other options, such as the aorta, hepatic artery, and pulmonary vein, do not follow this specific pathway.

In the human circulatory system, carbon dioxide enters the circulatory system at number 7 in the diagram. This is because number 7 represents the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen during the process of respiration.

Amino acids enter the circulatory system through the small intestine, where they are absorbed into the bloodstream. In the diagram, number 7 represents the small intestine, indicating that this is the location where amino acids enter the circulatory system.

The wall of blood vessels that allows the exchange between blood and tissue cells is made up of an epithelial layer. This layer is responsible for regulating the movement of substances in and out of the blood vessels, ensuring that nutrients and oxygen are delivered to the tissues and waste products are removed. The epithelial layer is thin and selectively permeable, allowing for efficient exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

Based on the given graph, the column labeled "Y" represents the right ventricle.

The major components of the lymphatic system are lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. Lymph is a clear fluid that circulates throughout the body and collects waste products and toxins from tissues. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and contain immune cells that help fight infection. Lymphatic vessels are a network of thin tubes that carry lymph throughout the body. Together, these components play a crucial role in the body's immune response and maintaining fluid balance.

Dilation of the arterioles would decrease the mean arterial blood pressure because it would decrease the resistance to blood flow in the arteries. When the arterioles dilate, the diameter of the blood vessels increases, allowing more blood to flow through them. This results in a decrease in the pressure exerted on the arterial walls, leading to a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure.

The correct answer is (A) artery, (B) arteriole, (C) venule, (D) vein, (E) capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, so (A) is the artery. Arterioles are smaller branches of arteries that lead to capillaries, so (B) is the arteriole. Venules are small veins that receive blood from capillaries, so (C) is the venule. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, so (D) is the vein. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs, so (E) is the capillaries.

The hepatic portal circulation pathway involves the liver and the organs of the digestive system. This pathway allows the absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract to be transported directly to the liver for processing and storage. The liver plays a crucial role in detoxifying and metabolizing these nutrients before they are released into the systemic circulation. Therefore, the correct answer is the liver and the organs of the digestive system.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They are thick-walled blood vessels that transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The strong muscular walls of arteries help maintain blood pressure and ensure that blood flows efficiently throughout the body.

The main job of the red corpuscles in the blood is to transport oxygen to the body's cells and carry away carbon dioxide from the cells.

Vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, which results in a decrease in the volume of blood flowing through them. When the volume inside the blood vessel is reduced, the same amount of blood is forced through a smaller space, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, vasoconstriction causes higher blood pressure.

The left atrium receives blood from the lungs.

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure in humans is typically around 40 mm Hg. Systolic pressure refers to the pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracting and pumping blood, while diastolic pressure refers to the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats. This 40 mm Hg difference is considered normal and represents the range of pressure fluctuations during a normal cardiac cycle.

The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the intestines and other abdominal organs to the liver, where it is processed and filtered. After passing through the liver, the blood exits through the hepatic vein and returns to the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is hepatic vein.

Increased skeletal muscle activity can increase the flow of blood back to the heart (venous return) because the contraction of skeletal muscles helps to squeeze the veins and push blood towards the heart. This action, known as the skeletal muscle pump, helps to overcome the low pressure in the veins and prevent blood from pooling in the lower extremities. Therefore, increased skeletal muscle activity can improve venous return and promote efficient circulation.

The aortic valve and pulmonary valve are the valves that allow blood to flow from the ventricles into the arteries and prevent backflow. The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, while the pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. These valves open when the ventricles contract, allowing blood to be pumped out, and then close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles. Therefore, the aortic valve and pulmonary valve are the correct answer.

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. This is the correct match because the other options are incorrect. The superior vena cava actually receives deoxygenated blood from the head and arms, while the inferior vena cava receives deoxygenated blood from the lower body. The hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood to the liver, not deoxygenated blood to the intestine. Therefore, the correct match is the pulmonary artery carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the lymphatic system. One of their primary functions is to initiate an immune response to an infection by a pathogen. When a pathogen enters the body, it is captured by lymph fluid and carried to the nearest lymph node. Within the lymph node, immune cells called lymphocytes recognize the pathogen and mount an immune response, producing antibodies to neutralize the pathogen and activating other immune cells to destroy it. This immune response helps to protect the body from further infection and aids in the overall functioning of the immune system.

The renal artery is the correct answer because it carries blood from the heart to the kidneys, where waste products such as urea are filtered out of the blood. Therefore, the renal artery has the highest concentration of urea compared to the other blood vessels listed.

The Purkinje fibers are located in the walls of the ventricles. These specialized cardiac muscle fibers are responsible for transmitting electrical impulses throughout the ventricles, allowing for coordinated and synchronized contraction of the heart chambers. This ensures efficient pumping of blood to the rest of the body. The Purkinje fibers are larger and have a faster conduction velocity compared to regular cardiac muscle fibers, allowing for rapid transmission of electrical signals and efficient contraction of the ventricles.

Left ventricular contraction causes an increase in blood pressure between points (X) and (Y) in the figure. During this phase, the left ventricle contracts, pushing blood out into the aorta and the rest of the body. This contraction creates a higher pressure in the arteries, leading to an increase in blood pressure.

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The vena cava is the correct answer because it is the large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. There are two types of vena cava: the superior vena cava, which returns blood from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava, which returns blood from the lower body.

When a clot occurs in an undamaged blood vessel, it can block the flow of blood to tissues beyond the clot. This can lead to a lack of oxygen and nutrients reaching those tissues, potentially causing damage or death to the affected area.

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When someone is not exercising, most of his total blood volume is in the veins. This is because veins are responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the various organs and tissues in the body. During periods of inactivity, the blood tends to pool in the veins due to the lack of muscle contractions that help propel the blood forward. As a result, the veins become distended and hold a larger volume of blood compared to other blood vessels such as arteries and capillaries.

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