Year 11 PDHPE

During exercise, the body requires more oxygen and nutrients to fuel the muscles. To meet this demand, the heart needs to pump more blood to deliver these essential substances. As a result, the heart rate increases to ensure an adequate supply of oxygenated blood reaches the working muscles. This increased heart rate allows for efficient oxygen delivery and removal of waste products, enabling the body to sustain physical activity.

BP stands for blood pressure, which is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is an important indicator of overall health and is measured using two values - systolic pressure (the pressure when the heart contracts) and diastolic pressure (the pressure when the heart is at rest). Monitoring blood pressure is crucial in detecting and managing various health conditions, such as hypertension.

Blood protects us from bleeding to death by clotting. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets in the blood form a plug at the site of injury to stop the bleeding. This plug is then reinforced by a network of protein fibers called fibrin, which forms a clot. The clotting process involves a series of complex reactions that result in the formation of a stable clot, preventing further blood loss and allowing the damaged blood vessel to heal. Without clotting, even a small injury could result in excessive bleeding and potentially be life-threatening.

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Freshly oxygenated blood is pumped from the lungs to the heart through the pulmonary veins. These veins deliver the oxygenated blood directly into the left atrium of the heart. From the left atrium, the blood is then pumped into the left ventricle and subsequently distributed to the rest of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is left.

White blood cells are responsible for combating infection and inflammation in the body. They play a crucial role in the immune system by identifying and destroying harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These cells release antibodies and other chemicals that help to neutralize and eliminate the invading microorganisms, preventing the spread of infection. Additionally, white blood cells also contribute to the inflammatory response, which is a natural defense mechanism that helps to isolate and eliminate pathogens, as well as promote tissue healing.

Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. The oxygen is bound to a protein called hemoglobin, which is found in red blood cells. Hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, allowing it to easily bind and release oxygen as needed. This enables red blood cells to deliver oxygen to tissues and organs, ensuring their proper functioning. Therefore, the correct answer is haemoglobin.

Diastole is the correct answer because it refers to the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscles are at rest and the chambers are filling with blood. During diastole, the atria contract to push blood into the ventricles, and then the ventricles relax to allow blood to flow into them from the atria. This phase is essential for the heart to refill with oxygenated blood and prepare for the next contraction. Systole, on the other hand, refers to the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscles contract to pump blood out of the chambers.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. This is because the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body's tissues and organs through the arteries. The arteries have thick and elastic walls that help them withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped from the heart. As the blood travels away from the heart, it branches into smaller blood vessels called arterioles, which eventually lead to capillaries where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with the body's cells. Therefore, the correct answer is "away from the heart".

Pulmonary circulation refers to the process in which blood is pumped from the right side of the heart to the lungs, where it receives oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. After being oxygenated, the blood returns to the left side of the heart. This circulation is responsible for oxygenating the blood and removing waste products, ensuring that the body receives oxygen-rich blood. Systemic circulation, on the other hand, involves the circulation of oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is pulmonary circulation.

The average heart rate at rest typically falls within the range of 60-80 beats per minute (bpm). This range is considered normal for a healthy individual and indicates that the heart is functioning efficiently to pump an adequate amount of blood throughout the body at rest. A heart rate lower than 60 bpm may indicate bradycardia, while a heart rate higher than 80 bpm may suggest tachycardia. Therefore, the correct answer is 60-80 bpm.

Leukocytes are a type of blood cell that are commonly known as white blood cells. They play a crucial role in the immune system by defending the body against harmful bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. Unlike red blood cells, which primarily transport oxygen, leukocytes are responsible for fighting infections and diseases. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate throughout the body, patrolling for any signs of infection or inflammation. Overall, leukocytes are essential for maintaining a healthy immune system and protecting the body from various illnesses.

When the pulse is taken in the wrist, it is called the radial pulse. The radial pulse is taken by placing two fingers (usually the index and middle fingers) on the radial artery, which is located on the thumb side of the wrist. This pulse is commonly used to measure heart rate and assess the strength and regularity of the heartbeat.

Systole is the correct answer because it refers to the contraction phase of the heart. During systole, the heart muscles contract, pumping blood out of the chambers and into the arteries. This phase is essential for maintaining blood circulation throughout the body. On the other hand, diastole refers to the relaxation phase of the heart, when the heart muscles relax and the chambers fill with blood. Therefore, systole accurately describes the contraction phase of the heart.

When blood appears dark, it indicates that it is oxygen poor. This is because oxygen-rich blood is typically bright red in color. Dark blood usually signifies that the oxygen has been used up by the body's tissues and organs, and the blood is returning to the lungs to be reoxygenated.

In the lungs, blood undergoes a process called gas exchange. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood through the thin walls of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled. Therefore, the blood in the lungs collects oxygen and collects carbon dioxide.

Arterioles are small blood vessels that branch out from arteries and lead to capillaries. They are responsible for regulating blood flow and pressure. As arteries move away from the heart, they gradually become smaller, and these smaller branches are called arterioles. This narrowing of arteries helps to control the flow of blood and distribute it evenly throughout the body. Therefore, arterioles are the correct answer to the question.

Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium. The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava, which carry deoxygenated blood from the body's tissues. From the right atrium, the blood is then pumped into the right ventricle and eventually to the lungs for oxygenation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Right."

Blood makes up approximately 8% of the total body weight. This is because the average adult has around 5 liters of blood in their body, and blood has a density of about 1.06 kg/L. Therefore, 5 liters of blood would weigh approximately 5.3 kg, which is roughly 8% of the average adult's body weight.

Phagocytosis is the process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy foreign particles, such as bacteria or viruses, in order to combat infection and inflammation. This process involves the white blood cells recognizing and binding to the foreign particles, then engulfing them into a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with lysosomes, which contain enzymes that break down the engulfed particles. This allows the white blood cells to eliminate the pathogens and promote healing in the body.

An adult male typically has around 5-6 liters of blood in their body. This amount of blood is necessary for the body to perform its vital functions, such as delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells, removing waste products, and regulating body temperature. Any significant decrease or increase in the volume of blood can lead to health problems and complications.

Valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood by acting as one-way doors. These valves open to allow blood to flow towards the heart and close to prevent blood from flowing back the wrong way. This ensures that blood moves efficiently through the circulatory system and prevents pooling of blood in the veins.

When listening to the heart through a stethoscope, the first sound heard is referred to as "lubb." This sound is louder and longer compared to the second sound, which is referred to as "dupp." The "lubb" sound corresponds to the closing of the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid valves) at the beginning of systole, while the "dupp" sound corresponds to the closing of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves) at the beginning of diastole. Therefore, the correct answer is "lubb."

Blood transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells and organs of the body. Nutrients are essential for providing energy and building blocks for cellular processes. Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration and energy production. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions. Together, these substances are transported by the blood to ensure the proper functioning and nourishment of cells and organs throughout the body.

Capillaries are a small network of vessels through which nutrients are exchanged between the blood and cells of the body. They are responsible for facilitating the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the bloodstream and the body's cells, making them a vital part of the circulatory system. Capillaries are not primarily responsible for transporting waste to the kidneys, nor are they where blood pools; rather, they are where the actual exchange of substances between the blood and tissues occurs.