Chapter 18: Health Promotion And Risk Reduction In The Community
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- 1.
Which of the following is one of the goals of Healthy People 2020?
- A.
Decreasing institutionalization and increasing community-based care services
- B.
Achieving health equity, eliminating disparities, and improving the health of all groups
- C.
Creating environments to improve the eating and exercise habits of all people
- D.
Expanding the technology, resources, and medications used to treat chronic illness
Correct Answer
B. Achieving health equity, eliminating disparities, and improving the health of all groupsExplanation
One of the goals of Healthy People 2020 is to achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. This means ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity to achieve optimal health, regardless of their race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or other factors. It involves addressing health disparities and inequities that exist in different populations and working towards eliminating them. By focusing on health equity, Healthy People 2020 aims to improve the overall health outcomes and well-being of all individuals and communities.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Because, in relation to physical activity, none of the Healthy People 2010 objectives was met, what does the United States need to do?
- A.
Ensure more tax funding for education of physical education teachers.
- B.
Encourage funding for an increased number of exercise centers.
- C.
Increase programs for teaching and encouraging health-promoting lifestyle choices.
- D.
Require health care providers to serve as role models of appropriate physical activity choices.
Correct Answer
C. Increase programs for teaching and encouraging health-promoting lifestyle choices.Explanation
The correct answer is to increase programs for teaching and encouraging health-promoting lifestyle choices. This is because if none of the Healthy People 2010 objectives were met in relation to physical activity, it suggests that there is a need for more education and promotion of healthy lifestyle choices. Increasing programs that teach and encourage these choices would likely lead to a greater adoption of physical activity and overall improvement in public health.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which of the following would be the most effective mechanism to use when collaborating with others to have an extensive and lasting impact on health outcomes?
- A.
Broadly disseminating health-related information to inform citizens
- B.
Encouraging the creation of more health programs on client lifestyle modification
- C.
Increasing funding to health agencies for more health education programs
- D.
Influencing improved health policies and legislation for healthier communities
Correct Answer
D. Influencing improved health policies and legislation for healthier communitiesExplanation
Influencing improved health policies and legislation for healthier communities would be the most effective mechanism to use when collaborating with others to have an extensive and lasting impact on health outcomes. This approach involves working towards creating and implementing policies and laws that promote and support healthier communities. By influencing these policies and legislation, it is possible to address systemic issues and create long-term solutions that have a widespread impact on health outcomes for a larger population. This approach goes beyond individual lifestyle modifications or increasing funding for health education programs, as it tackles the root causes of health issues and creates sustainable change.Rate this question:
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- 4.
How was the concept of health defined originally?
- A.
Balance and harmony
- B.
Maximum self-actualization
- C.
Absence of disease
- D.
Total well-being
Correct Answer
C. Absence of diseaseExplanation
The concept of health was originally defined as the absence of disease. This means that a person was considered healthy if they did not have any physical or mental illnesses or ailments. This definition focused solely on the absence of negative health conditions and did not take into account other aspects of well-being or overall quality of life.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following definitions of health is most typically used in nursing today?
- A.
Ability to interact and adapt to the environment
- B.
Ability to perform required social roles
- C.
Ability to stay free from disease
- D.
Ability to maximize human potential
Correct Answer
D. Ability to maximize human potentialExplanation
The definition of health that is most typically used in nursing today is the ability to maximize human potential. This definition encompasses not only the absence of disease but also focuses on promoting overall well-being and optimal functioning in all aspects of life. It recognizes that health is not just about physical well-being but also includes mental, emotional, and social well-being. By striving to maximize human potential, nurses aim to support individuals in achieving their highest level of functioning and overall quality of life.Rate this question:
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- 6.
What is the primary goal of health promotion?
- A.
Discovering people who are at risk and helping them obtain appropriate health care
- B.
Enabling people to exercise control over their own well-being
- C.
Preventing further physiologic damage by early intervention and education
- D.
Reducing specific risks by early diagnosis and treatment
Correct Answer
B. Enabling people to exercise control over their own well-beingExplanation
The primary goal of health promotion is to enable people to exercise control over their own well-being. This means empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their health, adopting healthy behaviors, and taking responsibility for their overall well-being. By promoting self-efficacy and providing individuals with the knowledge and tools to manage their health, health promotion aims to improve overall health outcomes and quality of life. This approach focuses on empowering individuals rather than simply providing medical interventions or treatments.Rate this question:
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- 7.
A public health agency had enough funds to provide one more health-promotion program during the calendar year. In relation to nutrition and exercise, which of the following would be the best choice?
- A.
Elementary school program for children to which parents are invited
- B.
High school program for those who are involved in athletics
- C.
Young adult programs provided at the YMCA
- D.
Senior citizen programs offered during a free meal
Correct Answer
A. Elementary school program for children to which parents are invitedExplanation
An elementary school program for children to which parents are invited would be the best choice because it targets a younger age group and involves parental involvement. By educating children at a young age about nutrition and exercise, they can develop healthy habits that can last a lifetime. Additionally, involving parents in the program increases the likelihood that the information will be reinforced at home, further promoting healthy behaviors.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following is the most crucial environmental influence on health?
- A.
Government in the local community
- B.
Health care system in the local community
- C.
Food, water, and exposure to toxic substances
- D.
Religious and cultural beliefs and values
Correct Answer
C. Food, water, and exposure to toxic substancesExplanation
Food, water, and exposure to toxic substances are the most crucial environmental influences on health. These factors directly impact an individual's well-being and can lead to various health issues. Poor quality or contaminated food and water can cause foodborne illnesses and waterborne diseases, while exposure to toxic substances can lead to long-term health problems such as cancer, respiratory issues, and neurological disorders. Therefore, ensuring access to safe and healthy food and water, as well as minimizing exposure to toxic substances, is essential for maintaining good health.Rate this question:
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- 9.
In the United States, which of the following is the most crucial influence in the sociocultural environment?
- A.
The community in which a person grows and develops
- B.
Familys values and beliefs
- C.
Health care provider from whom care is sought as needed
- D.
Socioeconomic class, education, and occupation
Correct Answer
D. Socioeconomic class, education, and occupationExplanation
Socioeconomic class, education, and occupation are the most crucial influences in the sociocultural environment in the United States. These factors determine a person's social standing, access to resources, and opportunities for advancement. Socioeconomic class influences a person's lifestyle, values, and beliefs, as well as their access to education and healthcare. Education plays a significant role in shaping a person's worldview and opportunities for social mobility. Occupation not only affects a person's income and financial stability but also influences their social interactions and networks. Overall, these factors have a profound impact on an individual's experiences, opportunities, and social interactions within the sociocultural environment.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following services implemented by nurses would represent primary prevention?
- A.
A nurse-managed hospital respiratory unit for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema
- B.
A quit-smoking-now clinic for adults who want to give up the habit
- C.
A dont smoke campaign for elementary school students
- D.
A stay beautiful campaign for high school female smokers that stresses that smokers have wrinkles about a decade earlier than their chronologic peers
Correct Answer
C. A dont smoke campaign for elementary school studentsExplanation
A "don't smoke" campaign for elementary school students represents primary prevention because it aims to prevent the onset of smoking behavior in children who have not yet started smoking. By educating and raising awareness among elementary school students about the harmful effects of smoking, the campaign aims to prevent them from ever starting the habit. This is considered primary prevention as it addresses the root cause of the issue before it occurs.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which of the following services implemented by nurses would represent secondary prevention?
- A.
A free diabetes screening held at the local shopping mall
- B.
A postheart attack exercise program at the local community college
- C.
A stay beautiful program stressing safe exercises for pregnant moms
- D.
An elementary school dont smoke campaign for students
Correct Answer
A. A free diabetes screening held at the local shopping mallExplanation
The free diabetes screening held at the local shopping mall represents secondary prevention because it aims to detect diabetes in individuals who may already have risk factors or early symptoms of the disease. By identifying and diagnosing diabetes at an early stage, healthcare professionals can intervene and provide necessary treatments or interventions to prevent the progression of the disease and its complications. This screening program focuses on early detection and intervention, which is a key component of secondary prevention.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following services implemented by nurses would represent tertiary prevention?
- A.
A free high-cholesterol screening at the neighborhood grocery store
- B.
A healthy lifestyle exercise and information program for all the employees of the citys largest employer, held at the worksite
- C.
A posthospitalization social support program for persons with chronic severe mental illness and their families
- D.
An exercise and parenting class for new first-time mothers
Correct Answer
C. A posthospitalization social support program for persons with chronic severe mental illness and their familiesExplanation
Tertiary prevention focuses on reducing the impact of a disease or condition after it has already occurred and aims to prevent further complications or relapses. A posthospitalization social support program for persons with chronic severe mental illness and their families fits this description as it provides support and resources to individuals who have already been hospitalized and are at risk for relapse or complications related to their mental illness. This program aims to improve their overall well-being and prevent further negative outcomes.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Why was the publication of Healthy People a landmark document?
- A.
It was the first time that a national plan had been created with funding to implement it.
- B.
It was the first time that evaluation measures based on outcomes to judge effectiveness were created.
- C.
It was the first time that national goals for improving the health of Americans were established.
- D.
It was the first time that universal agreement on federal government priorities was reached.
Correct Answer
C. It was the first time that national goals for improving the health of Americans were established.Explanation
The publication of Healthy People was a landmark document because it established national goals for improving the health of Americans. This was significant because it provided a clear direction and focus for public health efforts at a national level. By setting specific goals, it allowed for targeted interventions and strategies to be developed and implemented. This marked a shift towards a more systematic and coordinated approach to improving public health in the United States.Rate this question:
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- 14.
According to the health-belief model, which factors influence whether a person will engage in a particular health-promoting behavior?
- A.
Feeling susceptible to a severe disease
- B.
Being told to do so by a significant other on a frequent basis
- C.
Believing that high-income persons engage in such behavior
- D.
Viewing posters emphasizing the behavior in an area that the person frequents
Correct Answer
A. Feeling susceptible to a severe diseaseExplanation
The health-belief model suggests that feeling susceptible to a severe disease is a factor that influences whether a person will engage in a particular health-promoting behavior. This means that if a person believes that they are at risk of developing a serious illness, they are more likely to engage in behaviors that promote their health and prevent the disease. This belief in susceptibility acts as a motivator for individuals to take action and adopt health-promoting behaviors.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The community/public health nurse charted the number of persons who came in to be taught breast self-examination. The nurse noted that during the past 3 days, there was a sudden increase in the number of women coming in. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the increase?
- A.
The increased number is probably just a coincidence.
- B.
The local nursing school hosted a womens health fair.
- C.
The American Heart Association had just started its annual publicity campaign.
- D.
The media had publicized a famous womans diagnosis of breast cancer.
Correct Answer
D. The media had publicized a famous womans diagnosis of breast cancer.Explanation
The most likely reason for the sudden increase in the number of women coming in to be taught breast self-examination is because the media had publicized a famous woman's diagnosis of breast cancer. This news would have raised awareness and prompted more women to seek information and education about breast self-examination.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Considering the health-belief model, which statement suggests that the person is going to begin a new healthy habit?
- A.
If I could be asleep while they did the colonoscopy, it might be alright.
- B.
I did have a cousin who was treated for breast cancer.
- C.
Both my mother and father died of heart problems.
- D.
Because my employer was paying for the health screening, I thought I might go.
Correct Answer
C. Both my mother and father died of heart problems.Explanation
The statement "Both my mother and father died of heart problems" suggests that the person is going to begin a new healthy habit because it indicates a personal risk factor for heart problems. The health-belief model suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in health-promoting behaviors if they perceive themselves to be susceptible to a particular health issue. In this case, the person's family history of heart problems may motivate them to adopt a new healthy habit to prevent the same outcome.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following would be a behavior-specific cognition and affect variable according to Penders model?
- A.
Commitment to a plan of action
- B.
Competing demands (family or work)
- C.
Perceived self-efficacy
- D.
Personal realities such as demographics
Correct Answer
C. Perceived self-efficacyExplanation
Perceived self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific behavior or task. In Penders model, behavior-specific cognition and affect variables are factors that influence an individual's behavior. Perceived self-efficacy falls under this category as it directly influences a person's decision to engage in a particular behavior. It affects their motivation, confidence, and persistence, ultimately impacting their likelihood of adopting and maintaining a specific plan of action.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which of the following is the best example of a health-promotion program?
- A.
The nurse collaborated with the local police department to prepare a public safety announcement about the benefits of using ones seat belt.
- B.
The nurse appeared on the local public access television channel each Sunday afternoon to discuss nutrition and exercise options for families.
- C.
The nurse worked with the local school parent-teacher organization to give free bicycle helmets to the students with bicycles.
- D.
The nurse collaborated with the local motorcycle club to make sure all the cyclists who wanted one could obtain a free helmet.
Correct Answer
B. The nurse appeared on the local public access television channel each Sunday afternoon to discuss nutrition and exercise options for families.Explanation
The nurse appearing on the local public access television channel each Sunday afternoon to discuss nutrition and exercise options for families is the best example of a health-promotion program because it reaches a wide audience and provides education and guidance on healthy lifestyle choices. This program has the potential to positively impact the health and well-being of many individuals and families in the community.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the following is the best example of a risk reduction program?
- A.
At the senior citizens center, the nurse set up an exercise program for persons in wheelchairs.
- B.
The nurse appeared on the local public access television channel each Sunday afternoon to discuss good parenting skills.
- C.
The nurse worked with the local health maintenance organization (HMO) to make infant car seats available without charge to all first-time pregnant mothers.
- D.
The nurse wrote a weekly local newspaper column on healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as the importance of exercise.
Correct Answer
C. The nurse worked with the local health maintenance organization (HMO) to make infant car seats available without charge to all first-time pregnant mothers.Explanation
The best example of a risk reduction program is when the nurse worked with the local health maintenance organization (HMO) to make infant car seats available without charge to all first-time pregnant mothers. This program directly addresses a specific risk, which is the safety of infants in cars. By providing car seats, the program aims to reduce the risk of injury or death in the event of a car accident. This proactive approach focuses on prevention and is targeted towards a specific population, making it the most effective risk reduction program among the given options.Rate this question:
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- 20.
With which of the following populations would collaboration be most important when a school nurse proposes that additional healthy options be added to the school lunch program?
- A.
The staff and teachers
- B.
The children and their parents
- C.
The dietitians and nutritionists
- D.
The school board and administration
Correct Answer
C. The dietitians and nutritionistsExplanation
Collaboration with dietitians and nutritionists would be most important when a school nurse proposes adding healthy options to the school lunch program. Dietitians and nutritionists have expertise in food and nutrition, and their input would ensure that the proposed additions align with nutritional guidelines and meet the dietary needs of the students. Their collaboration would also help in designing a menu that is both healthy and appealing to children.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Care of the spirit, as well as promoting health of the body, is performed very effectively by which professional nursing specialty?
- A.
Church-based nurses
- B.
Community/public health nurses
- C.
Faith community nurses
- D.
Public health nurses
Correct Answer
C. Faith community nursesExplanation
Faith community nurses are able to effectively care for the spirit and promote the health of the body because they work within religious institutions and communities. They integrate their knowledge of nursing with spiritual care, providing holistic support to individuals and families. They address the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of their patients, offering counseling, education, and support in accordance with their faith beliefs. Faith community nurses also collaborate with other healthcare professionals and community organizations to ensure comprehensive care.Rate this question:
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- 22.
A nurse is planning a community-wide program about reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first?
- A.
Developing a public education campaign by using public service announcements
- B.
Assessing the extent of the problem in the local community
- C.
Forming partnerships and establishing support with community agencies
- D.
Gathering resource materials and identifying funding sources
Correct Answer
B. Assessing the extent of the problem in the local communityExplanation
To effectively plan a community-wide program about reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, the nurse should first assess the extent of the problem in the local community. By understanding the prevalence and specific needs of the community, the nurse can tailor the program to address the most pressing issues. This assessment will provide valuable information on demographics, risk factors, and existing resources, which will help in developing an appropriate and targeted intervention. Without this initial assessment, the program may not effectively address the needs of the community and may not have the desired impact on reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.Rate this question:
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- 23.
A public health nurse was asked by a towns community college to offer health education programs for its employees. How would the nurse most effectively determine which programs to offer?
- A.
Asking the administrators which programs they would like
- B.
Performing a complete physical examination on each employee during work time
- C.
Having employees complete a health-risk appraisal form
- D.
Planning a program on the basis of the broader communitys demographic data
Correct Answer
C. Having employees complete a health-risk appraisal formExplanation
To determine which health education programs to offer, the nurse would most effectively have employees complete a health-risk appraisal form. This form would provide valuable information about the employees' health status, lifestyle choices, and potential risk factors. By analyzing the data collected from the appraisal forms, the nurse can identify the specific health needs and concerns of the employees, allowing for the development of targeted and relevant health education programs. This approach ensures that the programs offered address the actual needs of the employees and are more likely to be effective in promoting health and wellness.Rate this question:
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- 24.
The nurse gave each participant a health-risk appraisal tool to determine the health needs of the group as a whole. What other purpose may the tool serve?
- A.
To assess the needs of the broader community
- B.
To demonstrate the necessity of having health education programs
- C.
To motivate participants to consider changing high-risk behaviors
- D.
To provide data for future planning by the nurses employer
Correct Answer
C. To motivate participants to consider changing high-risk behaviorsExplanation
The health-risk appraisal tool can serve the purpose of motivating participants to consider changing high-risk behaviors. By identifying and assessing their health risks, participants become more aware of the potential negative consequences of their behaviors. This awareness can serve as a catalyst for them to take action and make positive changes in their lifestyle choices. The tool can provide valuable information and feedback that can help participants understand the importance of adopting healthier behaviors and encourage them to take steps towards improving their overall health and well-being.Rate this question:
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- 25.
When a nurse plans educational programs appropriate for a population being served, which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A.
Bill the employer for the actual cost of the health program.
- B.
Provide feedback and follow-up information to attendees.
- C.
Make handouts available to the audience.
- D.
Incorporate the latest technology into the presentation.
Correct Answer
B. Provide feedback and follow-up information to attendees.Explanation
When a nurse plans educational programs appropriate for a population being served, it is important to provide feedback and follow-up information to attendees. This ensures that the participants have a clear understanding of the information presented and allows for any questions or concerns to be addressed. Providing feedback also helps to reinforce the learning experience and encourages participants to continue implementing the knowledge gained. Follow-up information can include additional resources, contact information, or further instructions to support the attendees in applying the information learned. This action promotes effective communication and enhances the overall educational experience for the population being served.Rate this question:
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- 26.
A nurse used a lifestyle assessment to measure health-promoting lifestyle behaviors of participants at a meeting. Which of the following actions should the nurse take when reviewing the results with each individual?
- A.
Arrange for the client to meet with a lifestyle coach.
- B.
Collaborate with the client in choosing what changes to make.
- C.
Explain ways that the client can engage in new behaviors.
- D.
Tell the client what to do to improve his or her health.
Correct Answer
B. Collaborate with the client in choosing what changes to make.Explanation
The nurse should collaborate with the client in choosing what changes to make because it empowers the client to take ownership of their health and lifestyle choices. By involving the client in the decision-making process, the nurse can ensure that the changes align with the client's preferences, values, and goals. This approach promotes a sense of autonomy and increases the likelihood of successful behavior change.Rate this question:
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- 27.
After obtaining data from a health-risk appraisal tool, a nurse met with a client for follow-up. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first after summarizing the information?
- A.
Create a reward system to reinforce healthful behaviors.
- B.
Design a behavior change plan acceptable to the client.
- C.
Establish an implementation time frame.
- D.
Identify and reinforce client strengths.
Correct Answer
D. Identify and reinforce client strengths.Explanation
The nurse should first identify and reinforce client strengths after summarizing the information from the health-risk appraisal tool. This is important because it helps build a positive and supportive relationship with the client, which can enhance their motivation and confidence to make healthful behavior changes. By acknowledging and reinforcing their strengths, the nurse can empower the client to take ownership of their health and increase their likelihood of success in implementing a behavior change plan. Creating a reward system, designing a behavior change plan, and establishing an implementation time frame can all come later in the process, after the client's strengths have been identified and reinforced.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following statements best demonstrates a clients intention to start exercising on a regular basis?
- A.
I bought walking shoes and have scheduled a walk before breakfast each day.
- B.
I exercise when I can find someone to walk with.
- C.
I need to buy a treadmill or exercise bike so that I dont get fat.
- D.
I think exercising would reduce my stress and help my appearance.
Correct Answer
A. I bought walking shoes and have scheduled a walk before breakfast each day.Explanation
The statement "I bought walking shoes and have scheduled a walk before breakfast each day" best demonstrates a client's intention to start exercising on a regular basis because it shows that the client has taken concrete action by purchasing the necessary equipment (walking shoes) and has also made a specific plan (scheduling a walk before breakfast each day) to incorporate exercise into their daily routine. This indicates a commitment and readiness to engage in regular exercise.Rate this question:
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- 29.
A local employer was concerned about rapidly increasing health care costs. The nurse did an assessment and found that most of the employees smoked heavily. Which of the following suggestions should the nurse make to the employer as the most effective approach to decrease smoking among the employees?
- A.
Lobby area legislators to increase the tax on cigarette sales.
- B.
Offer a smoking cessation program at the workplace.
- C.
Talk to the employees in small groups and ask them to quit smoking.
- D.
Work with interested employees to create a no tobacco products environment.
Correct Answer
D. Work with interested employees to create a no tobacco products environment.Explanation
The most effective approach to decrease smoking among the employees would be to work with interested employees to create a no tobacco products environment. This suggestion focuses on creating a supportive and collaborative environment where employees who are interested in quitting smoking can be encouraged and supported. By creating a workplace that promotes a tobacco-free lifestyle, it can help to reduce the prevalence of smoking among employees and ultimately decrease healthcare costs.Rate this question:
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