Chapter 11: The Fundamental Of The Nervous System And Nervous Tissue

Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit electrical signals, known as action potentials, throughout the body. These signals allow for communication between different parts of the body and are essential for various functions such as movement, sensation, and cognition. Neurons have a unique structure that enables them to receive, integrate, and transmit these electrical signals, making them the primary means of communication in the nervous system. Therefore, the correct answer is "transmit electrical signals."

Axons have axon collaterals and axon terminals. Axon collaterals are branches of the main axon that allow for communication with multiple target cells. Axon terminals, on the other hand, are the end points of the axon that release neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that transmit signals to other neurons or target cells. Therefore, the correct answer is that axons have both axon collaterals and axon terminals.

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. These two components are responsible for processing and coordinating information received from the sensory organs and sending appropriate signals to the rest of the body. The brain controls various functions such as thinking, memory, and emotions, while the spinal cord acts as a pathway for transmitting signals between the brain and the peripheral nervous system. Together, the brain and spinal cord play a crucial role in regulating and controlling the body's functions.

The synaptic cleft is the small gap or space between the membrane of two neurons, specifically the presynaptic side and the postsynaptic side. It is located before the presynaptic side and after the postsynaptic side, serving as the site where neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and received by the postsynaptic neuron. This allows for the transmission of signals between neurons in the nervous system.

The given correct answer states that the neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system. This means that neurons are the fundamental building blocks of the nervous system and play a crucial role in transmitting information throughout the body. Neurons are specialized cells that receive, process, and transmit electrical and chemical signals, allowing for the communication and coordination of various functions within the nervous system. Their unique structure and function make neurons essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system.

An inhibitory synapse is a type of synapse in the nervous system that inhibits or decreases the likelihood of a response or action potential occurring in the postsynaptic neuron. This is achieved through the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, which hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane and make it less likely to reach the threshold for firing an action potential. Therefore, the correct answer is "Inhibits response."

The given answer is true because it correctly identifies the four types of neuroglia cells found in the central nervous system (CNS). These cells are astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes are the most abundant type of neuroglia cell and play a role in supporting and nourishing neurons. Microglia are responsible for immune defense in the CNS. Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for producing myelin sheaths, which insulate and protect neuronal axons in the CNS.

Signals are carried by neurons through a process called depolarization. When a neuron is stimulated, it undergoes depolarization, which means that the electrical charge inside the neuron becomes more positive. This depolarization then leads to the generation of an action potential, which is a brief electrical impulse that travels along the neuron. The action potential reaches a threshold level, at which point it triggers the release of neurotransmitters, allowing the signal to be transmitted to other neurons or target cells. Repolarization then occurs, restoring the electrical charge inside the neuron to its original negative state.

Bipolar neurons are a type of nerve cells that have two processes extending from the cell body - one dendrite and one axon. These neurons are relatively rare and are primarily found in the sensory organs, particularly in the vision system. They play a crucial role in transmitting information from sensory receptors, such as the photoreceptor cells in the retina, to other neurons in the visual pathway.

A neuron is a specialized cell in the nervous system that transmits information in the form of electrical signals. These electrical signals are known as nerve impulses or action potentials. Nerve impulses refer to the overall process of electrical communication within a neuron, while action potentials specifically refer to the brief, rapid changes in electrical potential that occur during the transmission of a nerve impulse. Therefore, the correct answer is that a neuron does both nerve impulse and action potential.

A multipolar neuron is a type of neuron that has multiple processes extending from its cell body, including one axon and two or more dendrites. These dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while the axon transmits signals to other neurons or effector cells. This type of neuron is the most common in the nervous system and is responsible for integrating and transmitting information between different parts of the body.

The correct answer is neurons and neuroglial (support cells). Neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical signals in the nervous system, while neuroglial cells provide support and protection to neurons. They also help in maintaining the overall functioning of the nervous system.

Ganglia is located in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS consists of nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies that are found outside of the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, the correct answer is PNS.

The presynaptic side contains synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters. These vesicles are responsible for storing and releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which is the small gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft. From there, the neurotransmitters can bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron and transmit the signal across the synapse.

The correct answer is Sensory receptors, Process and interprets, Dictates a response. The nervous system has three main functions: sensory input, integration, and motor output. Sensory receptors detect stimuli from the environment and transmit signals to the central nervous system. The central nervous system then processes and interprets these signals, integrating them with stored information. Finally, the nervous system dictates a response by sending signals to effectors such as muscles or glands. Therefore, the overlapping functions of the nervous system include sensory reception, information processing, and motor output.

The correct answer is CNS, which stands for Central Nervous System. This is because the majority of neuronal cell bodies are located within the brain and spinal cord, which are part of the CNS. The CNS is responsible for processing and coordinating information received from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and is involved in functions such as thinking, memory, and movement control. On the other hand, the PNS consists of nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS, connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.

Axons are long, slender extensions of a neuron that transmit impulses away from the cell body (soma). These impulses, also known as action potentials, travel down the axon and are responsible for transmitting information to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The axon is covered by a fatty substance called myelin, which helps to insulate and speed up the transmission of the impulses. Overall, the axon plays a crucial role in the communication and functioning of the nervous system.

Nerves are made up of numerous axons that are wrapped in connective tissue. This connective tissue provides support and protection to the axons, allowing them to transmit electrical signals efficiently. The axons within a nerve can vary in size and function, but they are all bundled together within the connective tissue sheath. This organization allows for the coordination of sensory and motor signals throughout the body, enabling communication between different parts of the nervous system.

The nervous system is considered the master control and communication system of the body. It is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and responding to signals from both the internal and external environment. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and controls all bodily functions and processes, including movement, sensation, thought, and emotion. The nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and coordinating the activities of different organ systems, making it the central control system of the body.

The correct answer is spinal & cranial nerves and ganglia. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. These nerves include both spinal nerves and cranial nerves, which transmit signals between the central nervous system and various parts of the body. Ganglia are collections of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system, and they are also part of the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, the correct answer includes all three components: spinal and cranial nerves, as well as ganglia.

An excitatory synapse is a type of synapse that enhances the response of the postsynaptic neuron. When an excitatory neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron, it binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing an influx of positive ions into the cell. This depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, making it more likely to generate an action potential and transmit the signal further. Therefore, an excitatory synapse enhances the response of the postsynaptic neuron by increasing its excitability and promoting the transmission of signals.

A unipolar neuron is a type of neuron that has only one projection, or process, extending from the cell body. This projection serves as both the axon and the dendrite, and it carries sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system. Therefore, it is found in sensory areas of the body, such as the skin, where it helps in detecting and transmitting sensory stimuli.

The synapses are the junctions between neurons where they communicate with each other. These small gaps allow for the transmission of electrical or chemical signals from one neuron to another, enabling communication and information processing within the nervous system. Through this communication, neurons can coordinate their activities and relay information throughout the body.

Dendrites are the branch-like structures of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons. They function as receptive sites, collecting electrical signals from neighboring neurons and transmitting them towards the cell body. This allows for communication between neurons and the integration of multiple signals to determine whether the neuron should fire an electrical impulse or not.

Neurons typically have only one axon, which is a long, slender projection that carries electrical signals away from the cell body towards other neurons, muscles, or glands. The axon is responsible for transmitting information from the neuron to other cells, while dendrites receive information from other cells. Having only one axon allows for efficient and directional transmission of signals, ensuring proper communication within the nervous system. Multiple axons in a neuron would create confusion and disrupt the flow of information.

The statement is true because neuroglia, also known as glial cells, make up approximately half of the mass of the brain and outnumber neurons 10 to 1. Neuroglia are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection to neurons. They play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of the nervous system. While neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical signals, neuroglia help nourish and insulate neurons, remove waste products, and regulate the chemical environment of the brain.

The correct answer is "Both satellite and Schwann cells (myelin sheaths in PNS)." Satellite cells are neuroglia cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that provide support and protection to the cell bodies of neurons. Schwann cells, on the other hand, are also neuroglia cells in the PNS that form myelin sheaths around axons, which helps in insulating and speeding up the conduction of nerve impulses. Therefore, both satellite and Schwann cells play important roles in the PNS, with Schwann cells specifically involved in the formation of myelin sheaths.

The most common type of synapse is the axondendritic synapse. In this type of synapse, the axon of one neuron makes a connection with the dendrites of another neuron. This type of synapse allows for the transmission of information from one neuron to another, as the electrical signals generated in the axon can be passed on to the dendrites. Axondendritic synapses are found throughout the nervous system and play a crucial role in neuronal communication and information processing.

The epineurium is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds and protects the entire nerve. It provides structural support and helps to maintain the integrity of the nerve. The epineurium acts as a barrier against external forces and prevents damage to the nerve fibers within. Therefore, the correct answer is "whole nerve" as it accurately describes the structure that is surrounded by the epineurium.

The correct answer is synapse. The postsynaptic membrane is located at the receiving end of a synapse, where it receives signals from the presynaptic neuron. It conducts these signals away from the synapse and towards the cell body (soma) of the neuron. The synapse is the junction between two neurons, where communication occurs through the release and reception of neurotransmitters.

The correct answer is multipolar because interneruon refers to a type of neuron that has multiple processes extending from its cell body, including one axon and multiple dendrites. This allows the interneruon to receive signals from multiple neurons and transmit signals to multiple neurons, making it multipolar in nature.

The presynaptic neuron conducts signals toward the synapse. The synapse is the junction between two neurons, where the signal is transmitted from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron. This is where communication between neurons occurs, as neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, allowing the signal to be transmitted.

The perineurium is a connective tissue layer that surrounds a bundle of axons known as a nerve fascicle. It provides structural support and protection to the axons within the fascicle, helping to maintain their organization and integrity. By surrounding the nerve fascicles, the perineurium helps to form the larger structure of the whole nerve.

The endoneurium is the connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a nerve. It provides support and protection to the axons, helping to maintain their structural integrity. The endoneurium also contains blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the axons. Therefore, the correct answer is axon.