Chapter 1 The Human Genome

1. The complete sequence of the human mitochondrial genome has been known for over 20 years, it contains just ______ genes

The human mitochondrial genome has been fully sequenced for over 20 years, and it is known to contain only 37 genes.

Explanation

The human mitochondrial genome has been fully sequenced for over 20 years, and it is known to contain only 37 genes.

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2. All natural ___________ enzymes are only able to carry out 5′→3′ synthesis, which adds significant complications to the process by which double-stranded DNA is replicated

All natural enzymes that carry out the synthesis of DNA can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction. This poses a challenge during DNA replication, as the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. Therefore, DNA polymerase is necessary to catalyze the addition of nucleotides in the correct orientation to ensure accurate replication of the DNA molecule. DNA polimerase is likely a misspelling of DNA polymerase and can be disregarded as a correct answer.

Explanation

All natural enzymes that carry out the synthesis of DNA can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction. This poses a challenge during DNA replication, as the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. Therefore, DNA polymerase is necessary to catalyze the addition of nucleotides in the correct orientation to ensure accurate replication of the DNA molecule. DNA polimerase is likely a misspelling of DNA polymerase and can be disregarded as a correct answer.

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3. A description of the sequence of every gene in the genome is called __________

The correct answer for this question is "gene catalog" or "katalog gen". This refers to a comprehensive description or inventory of all the genes present in an organism's genome. It includes information about the location, structure, and function of each gene, providing a valuable resource for researchers and scientists studying genetics and genomics.

Explanation

The correct answer for this question is "gene catalog" or "katalog gen". This refers to a comprehensive description or inventory of all the genes present in an organism's genome. It includes information about the location, structure, and function of each gene, providing a valuable resource for researchers and scientists studying genetics and genomics.

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4. Each nucleotide in a DNA polymer is made up of three components:

Gula pentosa, basa nitrogen, dan gugus fospat

Gula pentosa, basa fosfat, dan nitrogen

Karbohidrat, basa nitrogen, dan gula pentosa

Basa nitrogen, gula, dan nitrogen

Semua jawaban di atas salah

Each nucleotide in a DNA polymer is composed of a sugar called pentose, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. This combination of components allows DNA to carry and store genetic information.

Explanation

Each nucleotide in a DNA polymer is composed of a sugar called pentose, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. This combination of components allows DNA to carry and store genetic information.

5. The sugar in an RNA nucleotide is ________ and, second, RNA contains ________ instead of thymine

Ribosa; urasil

Glukosa; urasil

Deoksiribosa, urasil

Ribosa; guanin

Jawaban di atas salah semua

The sugar in an RNA nucleotide is ribose, which is a 5-carbon sugar. Additionally, RNA contains uracil instead of thymine. Thymine is found in DNA, while uracil is specific to RNA.

Explanation

The sugar in an RNA nucleotide is ribose, which is a 5-carbon sugar. Additionally, RNA contains uracil instead of thymine. Thymine is found in DNA, while uracil is specific to RNA.

6. The process which the conversion of living harmless bacteria into virulent cells - was called

Konjugasi

Transformasi

Rekombinasi

Transduksi

Kombinasi

The correct answer is "transformasi". The process described in the question is the conversion of harmless bacteria into virulent cells, which is known as transformation. This process involves the uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA into the bacterial genome, leading to a change in the phenotype of the bacteria. It is a natural process that can occur in certain bacteria and is also commonly used in genetic engineering techniques.

Explanation

The correct answer is "transformasi". The process described in the question is the conversion of harmless bacteria into virulent cells, which is known as transformation. This process involves the uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA into the bacterial genome, leading to a change in the phenotype of the bacteria. It is a natural process that can occur in certain bacteria and is also commonly used in genetic engineering techniques.

7. The base ratios of DNA, had been discovered by____________

Erwin Chargaff is the correct answer for the question. He is credited with discovering the base ratios of DNA. His research showed that the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine in DNA. This discovery, known as Chargaff's rules, laid the foundation for understanding the structure and function of DNA.

Explanation

Erwin Chargaff is the correct answer for the question. He is credited with discovering the base ratios of DNA. His research showed that the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine in DNA. This discovery, known as Chargaff's rules, laid the foundation for understanding the structure and function of DNA.

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8. The human genome, which is typical of the genomes of all multicellular animals, consists of two distinct parts

DNA dan RNA

Genom inti dan kloroplas

Genome dan transkriptom

Genome inti dan mitokondria

Transkriptom dan proteom

The correct answer is "Genome inti dan mitokondria." The human genome, like that of all multicellular animals, consists of two distinct parts: the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. The nuclear genome is located in the nucleus of the cell and contains the majority of the genetic material, including the genes responsible for most of the traits and characteristics of an organism. The mitochondrial genome, on the other hand, is located in the mitochondria and is responsible for the production of energy within the cell.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Genome inti dan mitokondria." The human genome, like that of all multicellular animals, consists of two distinct parts: the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. The nuclear genome is located in the nucleus of the cell and contains the majority of the genetic material, including the genes responsible for most of the traits and characteristics of an organism. The mitochondrial genome, on the other hand, is located in the mitochondria and is responsible for the production of energy within the cell.

9. In a polynucleotide, individual nucleotides are linked together by __________ between their 5′- and 3′-carbons

In a polynucleotide, individual nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds between their 5′- and 3′-carbons. These bonds form between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar molecule of the adjacent nucleotide. This linkage creates a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the nitrogenous bases extending from the sugar molecules. The phosphodiester bonds provide stability to the polynucleotide chain and are essential for the formation of DNA and RNA molecules.

Explanation

In a polynucleotide, individual nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds between their 5′- and 3′-carbons. These bonds form between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar molecule of the adjacent nucleotide. This linkage creates a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the nitrogenous bases extending from the sugar molecules. The phosphodiester bonds provide stability to the polynucleotide chain and are essential for the formation of DNA and RNA molecules.

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