Cenni Demo Test Reading 2

1. The study of living things on earth has a long history. Because of the incredible richness and diversity of life, most of the effort in biology and its predecessor, natural history, has been expanded in an attempt to describe what there is ―simple exploration and cataloguing. The classical sciences of descriptive botany and zoology, with their emphasis on classification, are examples of this sort of work. The division of living things into the plant kingdom and animal kingdom (plus three more kingdoms added by modern scientists to describe microscopic organisms and fungi), and the collection of all living things into a coherent classification scheme, are the fruit of this work. During the past century and a half, however, two important discoveries have changed the face of the life sciences. The first of these was the development of the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin and others. The mechanism of natural selection gave naturalists for the first time a way of answering questions about how life came to have the forms it has, rather than just questions about what those forms are. The great social and intellectual turmoil triggered by Darwin's work is interesting, of course, but is not relevant from a purely scientific standpoint. What does matter is that we can now understand how the observed diversity of living things could have arisen through the action of a simple and easily comprehended mechanism. The original Darwinian notions have been modified and expanded since his time, of course, and there is still debate about the pace at which species evolve. Nevertheless, the main principle of Darwinism ―that living things change and adapt in response to their environment― has been incorporated as one of the pillars of the modern life sciences. All of the following can be classified into the kingdoms mentioned above EXCEPT

A hyena

A mushroom

A laurel

A gold nugget

A gold nugget cannot be classified into any of the mentioned kingdoms because it is not a living thing. The question is asking for the exception among the given options, and a gold nugget does not fall into any of the categories of living organisms.

Explanation

A gold nugget cannot be classified into any of the mentioned kingdoms because it is not a living thing. The question is asking for the exception among the given options, and a gold nugget does not fall into any of the categories of living organisms.

2. The study of living things on earth has a long history. Because of the incredible richness and diversity of life, most of the effort in biology and its predecessor, natural history, has been expanded in an attempt to describe what there is ―simple exploration and cataloguing. The classical sciences of descriptive botany and zoology, with their emphasis on classification, are examples of this sort of work. The division of living things into the plant kingdom and animal kingdom (plus three more kingdoms added by modern scientists to describe microscopic organisms and fungi), and the collection of all living things into a coherent classification scheme, are the fruit of this work. During the past century and a half, however, two important discoveries have changed the face of the life sciences. The first of these was the development of the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin and others. The mechanism of natural selection gave naturalists for the first time a way of answering questions about how life came to have the forms it has, rather than just questions about what those forms are. The great social and intellectual turmoil triggered by Darwin's work is interesting, of course, but is not relevant from a purely scientific standpoint. What does matter is that we can now understand how the observed diversity of living things could have arisen through the action of a simple and easily comprehended mechanism. The original Darwinian notions have been modified and expanded since his time, of course, and there is still debate about the pace at which species evolve. Nevertheless, the main principle of Darwinism ―that living things change and adapt in response to their environment― has been incorporated as one of the pillars of the modern life sciences. The word "its" in line 2 (bold and underline) refers to

Biology.

Natural history

Predecessor.

Effort.

The word "its" in line 2 refers to biology. The sentence states that most of the effort in biology and its predecessor, natural history, has been expanded in an attempt to describe what there is. Therefore, "its" is referring to the study of living things on earth, which is biology.

Explanation

The word "its" in line 2 refers to biology. The sentence states that most of the effort in biology and its predecessor, natural history, has been expanded in an attempt to describe what there is. Therefore, "its" is referring to the study of living things on earth, which is biology.

3. The study of living things on earth has a long history. Because of the incredible richness and diversity of life, most of the effort in biology and its predecessor, natural history, has been expanded in an attempt to describe what there is ―simple exploration and cataloguing. The classical sciences of descriptive botany and zoology, with their emphasis on classification, are examples of this sort of work. The division of living things into the plant kingdom and animal kingdom (plus three more kingdoms added by modern scientists to describe microscopic organisms and fungi), and the collection of all living things into a coherent classification scheme, are the fruit of this work. During the past century and a half, however, two important discoveries have changed the face of the life sciences. The first of these was the development of the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin and others. The mechanism of natural selection gave naturalists for the first time a way of answering questions about how life came to have the forms it has, rather than just questions about what those forms are. The great social and intellectual turmoil triggered by Darwin's work is interesting, of course, but is not relevant from a purely scientific standpoint. What does matter is that we can now understand how the observed diversity of living things could have arisen through the action of a simple and easily comprehended mechanism. The original Darwinian notions have been modified and expanded since his time, of course, and there is still debate about the pace at which species evolve. Nevertheless, the main principle of Darwinism ―that living things change and adapt in response to their environment― has been incorporated as one of the pillars of the modern life sciences. The word "turmoil" (bold and underline) is closest in meaning to

Fight.

Confusion.

Improvement.

Fairness.

The word "turmoil" in this context refers to a state of confusion or disorder. The passage mentions that the development of the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin and others caused social and intellectual turmoil. This turmoil refers to the confusion and debate that arose as a result of Darwin's ideas challenging traditional beliefs about the origins of life. Therefore, the closest meaning to the word "turmoil" in this context is "confusion".

Explanation

The word "turmoil" in this context refers to a state of confusion or disorder. The passage mentions that the development of the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin and others caused social and intellectual turmoil. This turmoil refers to the confusion and debate that arose as a result of Darwin's ideas challenging traditional beliefs about the origins of life. Therefore, the closest meaning to the word "turmoil" in this context is "confusion".

4.
The study of living things on earth has a long history. Because of the incredible richness and diversity of life, most of the effort in biology and its predecessor, natural history, has been expanded in an attempt to describe what there is ―simple exploration and cataloguing. The classical sciences of descriptive botany and zoology, with their emphasis on classification, are examples of this sort of work. The division of living things into the plant kingdom and animal kingdom (plus three more kingdoms added by modern scientists to describe microscopic organisms and fungi), and the collection of all living things into a coherent classification scheme, are the fruit of this work. During the past century and a half, however, two important discoveries have changed the face of the life sciences. The first of these was the development of the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin and others. The mechanism of natural selection gave naturalists for the first time a way of answering questions about how life came to have the forms it has, rather than just questions about what those forms are. The great social and intellectual turmoil triggered by Darwin's work is interesting, of course, but is not relevant from a purely scientific standpoint. What does matter is that we can now understand how the observed diversity of living things could have arisen through the action of a simple and easily comprehended mechanism. The original Darwinian notions have been modified and expanded since his time, of course, and there is still debate about the pace at which species evolve. Nevertheless, the main principle of Darwinism ―that living things change and adapt in response to their environment― has been incorporated as one of the pillars of the modern life sciences. What is the topic of this passage?

Darwin and the theory of evolution

The diversity of living things

Important contributions to life sciences

The beginnings of natural history

The passage discusses the history of biology and natural history, focusing on the efforts to describe and classify living things. It mentions the development of the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin as one of the important discoveries that have changed the field of life sciences. The passage emphasizes the significance of Darwin's theory in understanding the diversity of living things and how they adapt to their environment. Therefore, the topic of the passage is "Important contributions to life sciences."

Explanation

The passage discusses the history of biology and natural history, focusing on the efforts to describe and classify living things. It mentions the development of the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin as one of the important discoveries that have changed the field of life sciences. The passage emphasizes the significance of Darwin's theory in understanding the diversity of living things and how they adapt to their environment. Therefore, the topic of the passage is "Important contributions to life sciences."

5. The study of living things on earth has a long history. Because of the incredible richness and diversity of life, most of the effort in biology and its predecessor, natural history, has been expanded in an attempt to describe what there is ―simple exploration and cataloguing. The classical sciences of descriptive botany and zoology, with their emphasis on classification, are examples of this sort of work. The division of living things into the plant kingdom and animal kingdom (plus three more kingdoms added by modern scientists to describe microscopic organisms and fungi), and the collection of all living things into a coherent classification scheme, are the fruit of this work. During the past century and a half, however, two important discoveries have changed the face of the life sciences. The first of these was the development of the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin and others. The mechanism of natural selection gave naturalists for the first time a way of answering questions about how life came to have the forms it has, rather than just questions about what those forms are. The great social and intellectual turmoil triggered by Darwin's work is interesting, of course, but is not relevant from a purely scientific standpoint. What does matter is that we can now understand how the observed diversity of living things could have arisen through the action of a simple and easily comprehended mechanism. The original Darwinian notions have been modified and expanded since his time, of course, and there is still debate about the pace at which species evolve. Nevertheless, the main principle of Darwinism ―that living things change and adapt in response to their environment― has been incorporated as one of the pillars of the modern life sciences. The passage following this one will most likely discuss

The second discovery that contributed to change life sciences.

Other theories that contradict the Darwinian notions on evolution.

Detailed information about the classification mentioned in the introductory paragraph and its influence on new scientific trends

A series of chronological events dealing with the evolution of species and their eventual adaptation to their environment

The passage states that "two important discoveries have changed the face of the life sciences." The first discovery mentioned is the development of the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin and others. Therefore, it can be inferred that the passage will most likely discuss the second discovery that contributed to changing life sciences.

Explanation

The passage states that "two important discoveries have changed the face of the life sciences." The first discovery mentioned is the development of the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin and others. Therefore, it can be inferred that the passage will most likely discuss the second discovery that contributed to changing life sciences.