Cells & Body Systems 3rd Nine Weeks Review

The circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body's tissues and organs, while deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be reoxygenated. This continuous circulation ensures that all cells receive the necessary nutrients and oxygen and that waste products are removed. Therefore, the circulatory system acts as a transport center, making the statement "True."

Cells are considered the simplest form of life because they are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. They are capable of carrying out essential life processes such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli. Cells can exist as single-celled organisms like bacteria or as building blocks of multicellular organisms like plants and animals. The presence of cells is a fundamental characteristic of all living things, making the statement "Cells are the simplest form of life" true.

The nucleus acts as the control center for the Eukaryotic Cell because it contains the cell's DNA, which carries the genetic information and controls the cell's activities. The DNA is transcribed into RNA in the nucleus, and then the RNA is transported to the cytoplasm where it is translated into proteins. Additionally, the nucleus regulates the synthesis of proteins and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. Overall, the nucleus plays a crucial role in maintaining the cell's function and integrity.

The immune system is responsible for protecting the body against diseases and foreign invaders. It does this by recognizing and attacking harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The immune system consists of various cells, tissues, and organs that work together to provide defense mechanisms. Therefore, the statement "The job of the immune system is to protect and defend against disease" is true.

The digestive system extracts nutrients from food through the process of digestion and absorption. These nutrients are then transported to various parts of the body by the circulatory system, specifically through the bloodstream. This allows the nutrients to be delivered to cells and tissues where they are needed for growth, repair, and energy production. The digestive and circulatory systems work together to ensure that the body receives the necessary nutrients for proper functioning.

The muscular system is responsible for movement and works in coordination with the skeletal system. Muscles are attached to bones and when they contract, they pull on the bones, causing movement. The skeletal system provides the framework and support for the muscles to work effectively. Therefore, the muscular system is the body system that includes movement and works in coordination with the skeletal system.

DNA is the primary source of genetic information found in a cell. DNA contains the instructions for building and maintaining an organism, and it carries the genetic code that determines an individual's traits and characteristics. It is responsible for the transmission of hereditary information from one generation to the next. RNA plays a role in protein synthesis but does not contain the complete genetic information of an organism. ATP is a molecule that provides energy for cellular processes and is not directly involved in storing genetic information. ESP is not a biological molecule and is not related to genetic information.

The respiratory system is the correct answer because it is the highest level of organization in the human body that contains the lungs. The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body and includes all the structures involved in this process, such as the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm. The lungs are a vital organ within the respiratory system and play a crucial role in breathing and gas exchange.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in the form of glucose. This energy conversion is only possible through the absorption of light from the sun. Therefore, the correct answer is "light from the sun." Water in the soil, chemicals in leaves, and food from sugars are all important components in the process of photosynthesis, but the ultimate source of energy is light from the sun.

When you touch a hot pan on the stove, the nerve endings in your hand immediately send signals to your brain through the nervous system. The brain then sends signals back to the muscles in your hand, instructing them to contract and pull your hand away from the heat. This coordinated response involves both the nervous system, which transmits the signals, and the muscular system, which carries out the action of pulling back.

Memory cells are a crucial component of the immune system. When the body encounters a virus for the first time, memory cells are created to "remember" the virus and its specific antigens. This allows the immune system to mount a faster and more efficient response if the same virus is encountered again in the future. Therefore, memory cells play a vital role in preventing the body from getting the same virus over again.

Mitosis is the process of cell division that occurs in order to repair damaged tissue, promote growth, and replace worn-out cells. It is responsible for the regeneration and maintenance of tissues in the body. Therefore, all of the given options - repairing a cut on your skin, growth of cells, and replacing cells that are worn out - involve cellular processes that require mitosis.

The photo provided in the question does not show any specific organs or structures related to the respiratory, muscular, or lymphatic systems. However, the photo does show a portion of the digestive system, specifically the stomach. The stomach is a key organ in the digestive system responsible for breaking down food and aiding in the absorption of nutrients. Therefore, the correct answer is digestive.

All organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of structure and perform essential life functions. This statement accurately describes the organization of living organisms. It highlights the importance of cells as the fundamental building blocks of all living things and emphasizes their role in carrying out essential life functions.

In the process of meiosis, all of the above statements are correct. Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. During meiosis, the number of chromosomes is reduced from 46 to 23, which is necessary for the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells). This reduction in chromosome number ensures that when the gametes fuse during fertilization, the resulting offspring will have the correct number of chromosomes. Additionally, meiosis involves two rounds of cell division, known as the PMAT cycle, which further contributes to the formation of genetically diverse gametes.

The nucleus of a cell is responsible for controlling the activities of the cell. It contains the genetic material, DNA, which carries the instructions for the cell's functions and activities. The nucleus regulates gene expression, cell division, and protein synthesis, among other essential processes. It acts as the control center of the cell, ensuring that the cell functions properly and carries out its specific tasks.

The excretory system is responsible for eliminating waste products from the body. It filters and removes harmful substances, such as toxins and metabolic waste, from the bloodstream. These waste products are then excreted through urine, sweat, and feces. This process helps maintain the body's internal balance and prevents the buildup of harmful substances.

Photosynthesis is a process in which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. This process occurs in the chloroplasts, which are specialized organelles found in plant cells. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures sunlight and initiates the production of glucose through a series of chemical reactions. Therefore, the correct answer is chloroplasts.

A plant cell is a type of eukaryote. Eukaryotes are cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, which are unique characteristics of plant cells. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria cells are a type of prokaryote and are different from plant cells.

The correct answer is Eukaryotic Cells because plant, animal, fungi, and protists are all examples of eukaryotic organisms. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria cells, lack a nucleus and organelles. White blood cells, although they are a type of cell found in animals, are also eukaryotic cells.

Organ systems are the highest level of organization in the human body. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. These systems include the circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, and others. Each organ system is made up of different organs, which are made up of tissues, which are made up of cells. Therefore, organ systems encompass all the lower levels of organization and represent the highest level of complexity and coordination in the body.

The respiratory system takes in oxygen through the process of breathing, while the circulatory system delivers this oxygen to the cells of the body through the bloodstream. This collaboration allows for the oxygen to be transported to different parts of the body where it is needed for cellular respiration, providing energy for various bodily functions.

The body is responding to an increase in body temperature. When the student begins to sweat, it is a physiological response to cool down the body and regulate its temperature. Sweating helps to dissipate heat from the body and maintain a stable internal temperature.

The correct answer is prokaryotic- bacteria cell. Bacteria cells are prokaryotic cells, meaning they lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. This distinguishes them from eukaryotic cells, such as protists and fungi, which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Therefore, the cell found below is a prokaryotic cell, specifically a bacteria cell.

Saliva in the mouth first causes chemical changes to food. Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase, which begins the process of breaking down carbohydrates in the food into simpler sugars. This chemical change is the first step in the digestion process and prepares the food for further breakdown and absorption in the digestive system.

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The correct answer is Volvox, volvox because Volvox is a type of protist that forms colonies made up of many individual cells. These cells are interconnected and work together to perform various functions. Volvox colonies are spherical in shape and have a clear outer layer. Each individual cell has two flagella that help it move through water. Volvox is photosynthetic, meaning it can produce its own food through photosynthesis. It is commonly found in freshwater environments and is an important part of the aquatic food chain.

The integumentary system, specifically the skin, provides a similar function to the cell membrane in the human body. The skin acts as a protective barrier for the body, just like how the cell membrane protects the cell. It also plays a role in sensing the external environment and transmitting information to other parts of the body, similar to how the cell membrane transmits information about the cell's surroundings to organelles inside the cell.

Based on the shape of the cell shown in the diagram, it appears to have long, branching extensions. This indicates that the cell is likely a neuron, which is specialized for carrying impulses throughout the body. Neurons have a unique structure with long extensions called axons and dendrites that allow them to transmit electrical signals and communicate with other cells. Therefore, the most likely function of this cell is to carry impulses throughout the body.

Both the cell wall and chloroplasts are only found in plant cells. The cell wall is a rigid structure that provides support and protection to the plant cell, while chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Mitochondria, on the other hand, are found in both plant and animal cells and are responsible for generating energy for the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is both A and B.

Muscle is considered a tissue because it is a group of cells working together. Tissues are formed when cells of the same type come together to perform a specific function. In the case of muscle tissue, the cells work together to generate force and movement. This coordination allows muscles to contract and relax, enabling voluntary or involuntary movement. Therefore, the fact that muscle is composed of cells working together makes it a tissue.

The kidneys are responsible for the filtration of blood and removal of wastes from the body. They filter out waste products, excess water, and toxins from the bloodstream, producing urine as a result. The urine then travels through the ureters to the bladder for temporary storage before being eliminated from the body. The small intestines, on the other hand, are involved in the absorption of nutrients from digested food, not the filtration of blood or removal of wastes.

White blood cells are the correct answer because they are a type of blood cell that helps the body fight against infections and diseases. They are responsible for defending the body against harmful bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. White blood cells are found within the circulatory system, where they circulate throughout the body to identify and destroy any potential threats. Unlike red blood cells, which carry oxygen, or plasma and platelets, which aid in clotting, white blood cells have a specific role in the immune system's defense mechanisms.

The correct answer is Amoeba. The repetition of the word "amoeba" suggests that the correct protist is Amoeba.

The heart is made from muscle tissue, specifically cardiac muscle. This type of muscle is unique to the heart and is responsible for its rhythmic contractions that pump blood throughout the body. The contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle allow the heart to efficiently circulate blood, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the body's organs and tissues.

Mitochondria are the cell organelles responsible for producing energy in animal cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the molecule that cells use as a source of energy. The shape of mitochondria is often described as peanut or kidney-shaped. The nucleus, ER, and ribosomes have important functions in the cell, but they are not directly involved in energy production.

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The correct answer is Euglena. The repetition of "euglena" in the response suggests that the organism in the photo is indeed a Euglena. Euglena is a type of protist that is characterized by its flagella, which it uses for movement. It has a long, slender body and a single eyespot that helps it detect light. Euglena can be found in freshwater environments and is known for its ability to undergo photosynthesis in the presence of light, using chloroplasts within its cells.

The given answer, "Paramecium, paramecium," is correct because Paramecium is a genus of ciliated protozoan that is characterized by its slipper-like shape and the presence of cilia on its surface. It is commonly found in freshwater environments and is known for its ability to move and feed using its cilia. The repetition of the word "paramecium" in the answer may be a way to emphasize the correct choice.

Smooth muscle is the correct answer because it is the type of muscle found within the digestive tract of the human body. Smooth muscle is involuntary, meaning it is not under conscious control, and it is responsible for the movement and contraction of organs in the digestive system. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart, skeletal muscle is attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movement, and tendons are connective tissues that attach muscle to bone.

Cellular respiration is a process that occurs in the mitochondria of cells. It is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Similarly, photosynthesis is a process that occurs in the chloroplasts of cells, where sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are converted into glucose and oxygen. Therefore, the analogy is that photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, while cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.

The brain of mammals keeps track of the temperature of the skin and the blood in order to maintain a stable body temperature regardless of the air temperature. By monitoring the temperature of the skin and blood, the brain can regulate various physiological processes such as sweating or shivering to adjust the body temperature as needed. This helps to ensure that the body remains within a narrow temperature range, which is essential for the proper functioning of bodily systems.

The main function of the vomiting reflex is to remove toxic material from the stomach before it is absorbed. This reflex is triggered when the body detects the presence of harmful substances in the stomach, such as spoiled food or toxins. By expelling these substances through vomiting, the body prevents them from being absorbed into the bloodstream and causing further harm.

The heart, through circulation, delivers both nutrients and oxygen to the body's cells. It also helps remove waste products from the cells, providing a way to get rid of wastes. Therefore, the correct answer is nutrients, oxygen, and a way to get rid of wastes.

The muscular system is responsible for the movement of bones, body fluids, and food in the human body. Muscles are attached to bones and contract and relax to allow for movement. They also help in the movement of body fluids, such as blood and lymph, throughout the body. Additionally, the muscles of the digestive system help in the movement of food through the digestive tract, allowing for digestion and absorption of nutrients. Therefore, the muscular system is the correct answer for this question.

Volvox and euglena are the correct answer because both organisms contain chloroplasts and eyespots. Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, which allows the organisms to convert sunlight into energy. Eyespots, also known as stigma, are light-sensitive structures that help the organisms detect light and move towards it. Amoeba and paramecium do not have chloroplasts or eyespots, so they are not the correct answer.

Paramecium collects food into an oral groove, while an amoeba uses its pseudopods to surround food. This means that paramecium has a specialized structure called the oral groove that helps it capture food particles, while amoeba extends its pseudopods (temporary projections of its cell membrane) to engulf and surround food particles. Both organisms have different mechanisms for obtaining food.

The alveoli play a crucial role in the respiratory system by facilitating the exchange of gases with the circulatory system. Oxygen from the inhaled air enters the alveoli and diffuses into the bloodstream, where it is transported to the body's cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product generated by the cells, diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli and is exhaled out of the body. This gas exchange process allows for the delivery of oxygen to the cells and the removal of carbon dioxide, ensuring the proper functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems.

Euglena and Volvox are both types of protists, but they have distinct differences. While a euglena is a single-celled organism, a volvox is a colony of cells. This means that a volvox is made up of numerous individual cells that work together, while a euglena functions as a single, independent cell. This difference in organization is a key distinction between the two organisms.

The excretory system is responsible for removing waste products from the body. The skin plays a role in excretion by eliminating small amounts of waste through sweat. The kidneys and bladder are major components of the excretory system as they filter waste from the blood and produce urine. The lungs excrete carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration. Blood is not a component of the excretory system itself, but it carries waste products to the excretory organs for elimination.