Campbell 6.3 - 6.4 Quiz

The Smooth ER is named as such because it lacks ribosomes and therefore appears smooth under a microscope. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, and their absence in the Smooth ER distinguishes it from the Rough ER, which is studded with ribosomes.

DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes are long, thread-like structures made up of DNA molecules and proteins called histones. They contain all the genetic information necessary for the development and functioning of an organism. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in each cell, with one set inherited from each parent. The term "chromosome" refers to a single piece of DNA, while "chromosomes" refers to multiple pieces of DNA.

Lysosomal enzymes work best in acidic environments because they are designed to function in the lysosomes, which are acidic organelles within cells. The low pH in the lysosomes helps to activate and stabilize these enzymes, allowing them to efficiently break down and digest cellular waste materials. Therefore, an acidic, acid, or low pH environment is necessary for optimal functioning of lysosomal enzymes.

The correct answer is hydroxyl. The Smooth ER helps detoxify drugs and poisons by frequently adding hydroxyl groups onto them. These hydroxyl groups are polar and therefore increase a molecule's ability to dissolve in water and be flushed out of the body.

The Smooth ER stores calcium ions. In muscle cells, the release of these calcium ions is crucial for the contraction of the muscle cells.

The correct answer is "cisternae." The question is asking for the term used to describe the sacs of the Golgi, which are similar to the sacs of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. These cisternae are involved in the processing, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for transport within the cell or secretion outside of the cell.

Autophagy is a cellular process where a cell's lysosomes break down and recycle its own old or damaged materials. This process helps maintain cellular homeostasis by removing unnecessary or dysfunctional components. Autophagy plays a crucial role in cellular health and has been linked to various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging.

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes. During cell division, the chromatin condenses and becomes visible as distinct chromosomes under a microscope. Therefore, chromatin is only truly visible in cell nuclei when cells are dividing or preparing to divide.

After leaving the ER, many transport vesicles travel to the golgi apparatus. The golgi apparatus is an organelle in the cell that plays a crucial role in processing, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids. It receives the transport vesicles from the ER and further modifies their contents before sending them to their final destinations within the cell or outside of it. This process ensures that proteins and lipids are properly sorted and directed to their intended locations, allowing for the proper functioning of the cell.

The tubules and sacs of the ER are called cisternae, and the inside space of the ER is called the lumen.

The textbook compares the molecular identification tags to ZIP codes or mailing labels. These tags ensure that Golgi products are sent to the correct place in the cell, similar to how ZIP codes or mailing labels ensure that mail is delivered to the correct address.

The nucleus synthesizes mRNA from DNA and the mRNA is then used by the ribosomes to create a protein.

In Tay-Sach's disease, a person inherits a defective copy of a gene coding for a lipid-digesting enzyme. As a result, lipids or fats are not properly broken down and begin to accumulate in the person's brain. This buildup of lipids in the brain leads to severe consequences and the development of the disease.

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The cis face of the Golgi is indeed the receiving end, where proteins and lipids enter the Golgi apparatus. On the other hand, the trans face of the Golgi is responsible for shipping out processed proteins and lipids to their final destinations within or outside the cell. Therefore, the statement is true.

Free ribosomes are not bound to any membrane and are found freely floating in the cytoplasm. They are responsible for synthesizing proteins that will stay within the cytoplasm and carry out their functions there. This is in contrast to ribosomes that are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, which produce proteins that are destined for secretion or insertion into membranes. Therefore, the statement that free ribosomes generally make proteins that will stay in the cytoplasm is true.

Hope at least SOME of you have heard this song! It's a good one. And this answer is most definitely false. Tons of things have to exit the nucleus - for example, if mRNA molecules couldn't exit the nucleus to the cytoplasm then they could never get read by ribosomes to make proteins.

The opening introductory paragraph of section 6.3 discusses the nucleus and ribosomes together because they are both involved in genetic control of the cell. The nucleus houses the DNA, which contains the genetic information, and the ribosomes use this DNA to make proteins. Therefore, these two components work together in controlling the cell's genetic functions and protein synthesis.

The nucleus is usually the most conspicuous or eye-catching organelle in an animal cell because it contains the genetic material and controls the cell's activities. On the other hand, the central vacuole is usually the most conspicuous or eye-catching organelle in a plant cell because it is a large, fluid-filled sac that takes up most of the space in the cell and provides structural support.

The nucleolus is responsible for synthesizing ribosomes, which are made up of rRNA and large and small ribosome subunits. This process occurs in the nucleolus, where rRNA is transcribed from DNA and combined with proteins to form the ribosome subunits. Therefore, rRNA and the large and small ribosome subunits are synthesized in the nucleolus.

Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of plants, fungi, and some protists. They serve various functions, including storage. Vacuoles can store food, such as sugars and amino acids, which are essential for the cell's energy and growth. They can also store ions, such as potassium and calcium, which are important for maintaining the cell's osmotic balance and regulating various cellular processes. Additionally, vacuoles can store poisons or toxic substances, helping to protect the cell from harm. Lastly, vacuoles can store pigments, which contribute to the coloration of flowers and fruits in plants.

Ribosomes can be found in three different places: bound to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, floating free in the cytoplasm, and bound to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. They are not found in the nucleus or bound to the outermost layer of the cell membrane.

Genetic material can be found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts of a cell. The nucleus contains the majority of the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA, which carries the instructions for the cell's functions and characteristics. Mitochondria also contain their own DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA, which is involved in energy production. Chloroplasts, found in plant cells, contain chlorophyll and also have their own DNA, known as chloroplast DNA, which is involved in photosynthesis. The ER and Golgi, on the other hand, are involved in protein synthesis and packaging, but do not contain genetic material.

The endomembrane system is a network of organelles within a eukaryotic cell that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids. The organelles included in the endomembrane system are the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, plasma membrane, and vacuoles. These organelles are interconnected and function in a coordinated manner to ensure proper cellular activities such as protein synthesis, modification, and transport, as well as membrane recycling and degradation of cellular waste.