Botany Chapter 39 Practice Test

Flowers can occur singly or in clusters, which means that they can either be present individually or in groups. This statement is true because flowers have different growth patterns and arrangements, and some plants produce flowers that are solitary while others produce flowers in clusters.

The statement "seeds develop from ovules" is true. Ovules are structures found in the ovary of a flower, and they contain the female reproductive cells. After fertilization occurs, the ovules develop into seeds. The seeds contain the embryo of the plant and are surrounded by a protective seed coat. The development of seeds from ovules is a crucial process in the reproduction of flowering plants.

Mammals aid in seed dispersal by eating fruits or seeds and then excreting them in different locations. This helps plants to spread their seeds over a wider area, increasing their chances of survival and colonization. Mammals can also aid in seed dispersal by getting seeds stuck to their fur or by carrying them in their mouths. This mutualistic relationship between mammals and plants benefits both parties, as mammals obtain food while plants benefit from the dispersal of their seeds.

The correct answer is "alternation of generations." This term refers to a process in which a multicellular diploid generation alternates with a multicellular haploid generation. This means that the organism goes through two different stages, one with diploid cells (containing two sets of chromosomes) and one with haploid cells (containing one set of chromosomes). This cycle allows for reproduction and genetic diversity in certain organisms.

Pollination and fertilization are indeed separate events/processes in the reproductive cycle of plants. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ (anther) to the female reproductive organ (stigma) of a flower. This can occur through various means, such as wind, insects, or other animals. Fertilization, on the other hand, is the fusion of the male gamete (sperm) with the female gamete (egg) to form a zygote, which develops into a new plant embryo. While pollination is necessary for fertilization to occur, they are distinct processes that can happen independently of each other.

The endocarp is indeed the inner boundary around the seeds. It is the innermost layer of the pericarp, which is the protective layer surrounding the seeds of a fruit. The endocarp is often hard and woody, providing additional protection to the seeds.

they are one seeded fruits, larger than achene with a thicker and harder pericarp

Pollen tubes are structures that are formed by pollen grains during fertilization in plants. These tubes grow downwards through the style, which is a part of the female reproductive organ in plants, until they reach the ovule. The ovule is where fertilization occurs, and the pollen tube delivers the male gametes to the ovule for fertilization to take place. Therefore, the statement that a pollen tube grows downward on the inside of a style until it reaches an ovule is true.

The epicotyl is indeed the embryonic stem that connects to the cotyledons. It is responsible for the growth and development of the plant's shoot system. The apical meristem, located at the tip of the epicotyl, is responsible for the growth of the plant in length. Therefore, the statement is true.

indehiscent seeds do not split at maturity they generally are attached to the pericarp

A male gametophyte, also known as a pollen grain, is the male reproductive structure in plants. It contains one pollen tube, which is responsible for delivering the sperm cells to the female reproductive structure, and two sperm cells. The pollen tube grows towards the ovule, allowing the sperm cells to fertilize the egg and the central cell, resulting in the formation of seeds. Therefore, the statement that a male gametophyte has one pollen tube and two sperm cells is true.

The epicotyl is enclosed by the coleoptile. The coleoptile is a protective sheath found in monocot plants that covers and protects the emerging shoot (epicotyl) as it grows through the soil surface. It acts as a barrier against physical damage and helps guide the shoot towards the light. The coleoptile is typically longer and more rigid than the coleorhiza, which is another protective structure in monocots that encloses the emerging root.

Samara seeds are specifically adapted for wind dispersal. They have a wing-like structure that enables them to be easily carried by the wind over long distances. This type of dispersal allows the seeds to reach new areas and colonize different habitats. Additionally, wind dispersal increases the chances of successful germination and growth, as the seeds are spread out and not concentrated in one area. Therefore, wind is the most likely method of dispersal for samaras.

wind, animal, water, explosive

Cross pollination is when pollen from the anther of one flower or plant is transferred to the stigma of a different flower or plant. Therefore, the given statement that cross pollination is when pollen from an anther is transferred to a stigma of the same flower or plant is incorrect.

Inflorescences are structures that bear flowers, and they have evolved various mechanisms to attract pollinators. These mechanisms include producing bright colors, emitting enticing scents, and offering nectar as a reward. By attracting pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, and birds, inflorescences ensure the transfer of pollen from the male to the female parts of the flowers, enabling successful reproduction. Therefore, the correct answer is "pollinators."

An incomplete flower is a flower that lacks one or more of the whorls, which are the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. In this case, the question states that the flower lacks only one of the whorls, suggesting that it is incomplete.

the exocarp is the skin of a fruit

A drupe is a type of fruit that has a single seed enclosed by a hard stony endocarp or pit. This means that the seed is protected by a tough outer layer, which is characteristic of drupes. Examples of drupes include peaches, plums, and cherries.

The correct answer is "pepo." Pepo is a type of fruit that belongs to the pumpkin family. It is a specific type of berry with a hard, thick rind and fleshy interior. Pumpkins, along with other fruits like cucumbers and melons, fall under the category of pepo fruits. These fruits typically have a similar structure and characteristics, making them part of the same family.

Aggregate fruits are derived from several to many pistils that are fused at maturity. In these fruits, each pistil develops into a separate small fruit, and all of these small fruits are clustered together to form a larger fruit. Examples of aggregate fruits include strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries.

A complete flower is a flower that possesses all four types of whorls - calyx, corolla, stamen, and carpels. The calyx is the outermost whorl, consisting of sepals. The corolla is the next whorl, consisting of petals. The stamen is the male reproductive organ, and the carpels are the female reproductive organs. A complete flower contains all of these structures, making it capable of both male and female reproduction.

A berry is a type of fruit that has a fleshy pericarp and contains more than one seed. This means that the outer layer of the fruit is soft and juicy, and inside there are multiple seeds. Examples of berries include grapes, tomatoes, and bananas.

The achene is indeed the base of a seed that is attached to the pericarp. An achene is a type of dry fruit that does not split open when it is mature. It consists of a single seed that is attached to the pericarp or the ovary wall. This arrangement allows for easy dispersal of the seed by wind, water, or animals, as the pericarp acts as a protective covering. Therefore, the statement "the achene is the base of a seed that is attached to the pericarp" is true.

The term "female gametophytes" refers to the reproductive structures in plants that produce female gametes or eggs. These structures are typically found in the ovules of flowering plants. The term "megaametophytes" is not a commonly used term in biology and does not have a clear meaning. Therefore, the correct answer is "female gametophytes" as it accurately describes the reproductive structures in plants.

The pericarp is the correct answer because it refers to the ovary wall or the surrounding tissue of the seed. The pericarp is the outermost layer of a fruit and it develops from the ovary of the flower after fertilization. It protects the seed and helps in seed dispersal.

it is the food source in seeds before photosynthesis can occur

The mesocarp refers to the fleshy tissue in a fruit. It is the middle layer of the fruit's pericarp, which is the protective covering surrounding the seed. The mesocarp is typically juicy and contains the majority of the fruit's water content. It is responsible for providing the fruit with its flavor, texture, and nutritional value. Examples of fruits with a prominent mesocarp include apples, oranges, and watermelons.

During seed formation, large amounts of starches, lipids, and proteins accumulate in the endosperm. Starches serve as a storage form of energy, lipids act as a concentrated source of energy, and proteins are essential for growth and development. Therefore, all of the above options are correct as they represent the different types of nutrients that accumulate in the endosperm during seed formation.

The correct answer is coleorhiza. The coleorhiza is a protective sheath that surrounds the embryonic root in a plant embryo. It helps to protect the delicate root as it grows and emerges from the seed. The coleorhiza is a common feature in monocotyledonous plants, such as grasses, and is an important adaptation for their successful germination and establishment.

A pollen tube grows to the ovary, which is the female reproductive organ of a flower. The ovary contains the ovules, which are the structures that develop into seeds after fertilization. The pollen tube carries the male gametes (sperm cells) from the pollen grain to the ovary, allowing fertilization to occur. This process is essential for sexual reproduction in plants.

it delivers 2 to the ovules

Legumes are a type of dehiscent fruit that splits along two sides/seams. This means that when the fruit matures, it opens along two distinct lines, releasing the seeds inside. This characteristic is a distinguishing feature of legumes, making them the correct answer to the question. Siliques are another type of dehiscent fruit, but they split along one side, not two. Capsules, on the other hand, can have various modes of dehiscence, but they do not specifically split along two sides/seams.

The given correct answer is "microgametophytes." Microgametophytes refer to the male gametophytes in plants, which produce male gametes or sperm cells. These gametophytes are usually small and are responsible for fertilizing the female gametophytes or megagametophytes. In contrast, megagametophytes refer to the female gametophytes in plants, which produce female gametes or egg cells. Megasporangia are structures in plants where megagametophytes develop, while microsporangia are structures where microgametophytes develop. Therefore, microgametophytes are the correct answer in this context.

samara seeds have a pericarp that extends in to a wing/membrane

Flavonoids are pigments found in plants that contribute to the color variations in flowers. These compounds are responsible for producing colors such as red, blue, purple, and yellow in petals. Different types and amounts of flavonoids present in a flower determine its color. Therefore, it is correct to say that flavonoids are responsible for color variations in a flower.

Actinomorphia flowers have radial symmetry. This means that the flower can be divided into multiple equal halves by any plane passing through the center. The petals of the flower are arranged in a circular pattern around the central axis, giving it a radial symmetry. This type of symmetry is commonly found in flowers and allows for equal distribution of resources and attraction of pollinators from all directions.

Hesperidium is the correct answer because it refers to a type of fruit that has leathery skins with oils on them. Hesperidium fruits include citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits, which have a thick, leathery rind and are rich in essential oils. This distinguishes them from other types of fruits like pepo (e.g., pumpkins, cucumbers) and drupe (e.g., peaches, plums) that do not have the same characteristics.

Zygomorphic flowers have bilateral symmetry. This means that the flower can be divided into two equal halves along only one plane, resulting in a mirror image. In other words, if you draw a line through the center of the flower, one side will be the exact reflection of the other side. This is in contrast to radial symmetry, where the flower can be divided into multiple equal halves along different planes, and lateral symmetry, which is not a recognized form of symmetry in flowers.

A phome is not a recognizable object or term. However, a pear is a fruit that is commonly known and identifiable. Therefore, it can be considered an example of a phome.

A flower that contains both stamen and carpels is considered perfect. In botany, a perfect flower is one that has both male and female reproductive organs, allowing it to self-pollinate or cross-pollinate with other flowers. The presence of both stamen (male reproductive organ) and carpels (female reproductive organ) indicates that the flower is capable of producing both pollen and ovules, making it perfect.

Multiple fruits are derived from multiple flowers in a single inflorescence. In this type of fruit, the ovaries of multiple flowers fuse together to form a single fruit. Each flower contributes to the development of the fruit, resulting in a cluster or group of fruits fused together. Examples of multiple fruits include pineapples, figs, and mulberries. Aggregate fruits, on the other hand, are derived from a single flower with multiple separate carpels, each of which forms a small fruit that is attached to a central receptacle.

In the given question, the term "endosperm" refers to the nutritive tissue found in seeds. The term "triploid" refers to a condition where an organism or cell has three sets of chromosomes instead of the usual two sets. In the context of the question, triploid endosperm would mean that the endosperm has three sets of chromosomes. This condition is significant because it can affect the development and growth of the endosperm, ultimately influencing the nourishment provided to the developing embryo in the seed.

a diecious plant has only one sex per plant (2 houses) a monoecious has both sexes on one plant

A caryopsis is a type of seed where the pericarp, which is the outer layer of the seed, is tightly fused with the seed itself. This means that the pericarp cannot be separated from the seed. In other words, the seed and the pericarp are fused together and cannot be easily separated like in other types of seeds. Therefore, the correct answer is caryopsis.

A stigma does not allow all genotypes to germinate. The stigma is a part of the female reproductive organ in plants and is responsible for receiving pollen. It plays a crucial role in the process of fertilization by selectively allowing compatible pollen with matching genotypes to germinate and grow. This ensures successful reproduction and genetic diversity. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

The hypocotyl attaches below the cotyledons. The hypocotyl is a part of the embryo in a seed and is located between the radicle (embryonic root) and the epicotyl (embryonic shoot). It is responsible for connecting the cotyledons to the root system of the plant. The hypocotyl plays a crucial role in the early growth and development of the seedling.

A schizocarp is a dry fruit that is unique to the carrot/parsley family. It is a fruit that splits into separate one-seeded segments when it matures. This characteristic distinguishes it from other types of dry fruits such as caryopsis and samara. Caryopsis is a type of fruit where the seed is tightly attached to the fruit wall, while samara is a winged fruit. Therefore, the correct answer is schizocarp.

The micropyle opening is a small pore in the seed coat through which the pollen tube enters during fertilization. It is essential for the successful pollination and subsequent development of the seed. Therefore, it makes sense that the correct answer is "seed coat" because the micropyle opening is a part of the seed coat structure.

Capsules are dehiscent fruits that split along the partitions of the carpels in various ways. This means that when the fruit matures, it opens up along specific lines or seams, allowing the seeds to be released. Capsules can have multiple openings or slits, and the partitions within the carpels help facilitate this splitting mechanism.