Block 7 Reproduction Creighton Univ W Xpl Pt 2

The primary spermatocytes come from type B spermatogonia, and are undergoing the first meiotic division.

In the female, theca cells produce testosterone which moves into the granulosa cells to be converted into 17-beta-estradiol by aromatase.

LH and FSH are not true since their levels peak 14 days before the onset of menses and are virtually at baseline levels 10-12 days before menses. Estradiol and progesterone, on the other hand, do not reach low levels until menses begins.

The occluding junctions between Sertoli cells play a crucial role in maintaining the barrier. Spermatogonia lie on the basal compartment below the blood-testis barrier. As divisions occur, cells move past the basal compartment and move into the adluminal compartment. (Junqueira et al. Basic Histology, 11th Ed pgs 426, 427)

Torsion of the testis primarily affects adolescent boys and is the result of an anatomic abnormality that allows for increased mobility of the testes. This is an emergency requiring treatment within 6 hours to preserve the testis. No other choice provides a reasonable explanation for the sudden onset of pain.

As reported in the MDC on Feb 6, 2009. 11min 40s

Synctiotrophoblasts provide the immunologic protection for the fetus by shrouding the villus in a placenta. The Hofbauer cell is essentially a macrophage in the villus.

Seems like a good test question. Source: Dr. Nichols lecture on Histo of the Female slide 4. Although, after looking at slide 9 in his lecture it looks like D could also be correct.

The BI-RADS is a "quality assurance guide" that covers all of the features listed in the question. Source: frequently asked questions about BI-RADS on the American College of Radiology website

Robbins 7th 1124 Many things can cause calcifications: secretory material, necrotic debris, and hyalinized stroma. Of course, cancer, such as invasive carcinoma, is high on the list. Routine mammograms typically begin at age 40.

When lactating the breast is filled with fluid, which appears dense (white) in mammography. Fat appears black. Younger women and lactating women tend to have the densest breasts.

The increase LH is the cause of ovulation. There is a concomitant increase in FSH. Meanwhile, estrogen is decreasing and progesterone is just starting to increase. If you were unsure, the process of elimination should have left you with E as the only possible answer. What typically happens is an increase in cervical mucus which is more receptive to sperm, allowing for increased fertility. Some family planning methods rely on observation of the cervical mucus.

Only teratomas are not associated with excessive hormone production. Teratomas are common germ cell tumors of the ovary that are usually benign.

All of the findings listed in the question are common in SIDS. SIDS affects children within the first six months of life. It is associated with many factors, perhaps most importantly sleeping in the prone position. Other risk factors include second hand smoke, recent upper respiratory tract infection, prematurity, and low socioeconomic standing. Although many factors play a role, Robbins suggests that the fundamental abnormality is in the arcuate nucleus, which normally arouses the body if stressed during sleep (7th ed pg 497).

The most common cause of oligohydraminos is an amniotic leak, although it often occurs from renal agenesis, obstructed ureters, cystic kidneys, etc. Oligohydraminos results in features from the baby being squeezed by the uterus: flattened face, low set ears, and club feet. Without sufficient amniotic fluid, the lungs do not develop properly. Hypoplasia and deficient surfactant production (made of phospholipids) will result. Answer D is correct because we would not expect a "normal" birth weight of 2500 grams (or about 5.5 pounds) at 32 weeks, even in the absence of oligohydraminos. Another good question would be "what is the most likely cause of death after a baby is delivered after an extended period of oligohydraminos"? The baby would die from IRDS.

The epididymis provides the secretions that allow for the sperm to be motile. The epididymis is made of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with microvilli.

Body temperature is lowest in the follicular phase and begins to rise roughly at the time of ovulation. It peaks during the luteal phase, similar to progesterone. In fact, progesterone is thought to act on the hypothalamus to cause this change. Costanzo has a nice image of these changes.

Check Robbins 7th pg 1123 and 1124 DCIS is the most associated with calcifications.

Only the efferent duct expresses cilia. They are identified by their star-like shape. The epididymis and ductus deferens do exhibit stereocilia, but these are microvilli, not true cilia. The epididymis and ductus deferens moves sperm via peristalsis. Therefore, we expect to see more smooth muscle lining these structures than the efferent duct.

The 75 year old woman has a 17 fold increased risk of developing cancer since she is over 70. The other three present with mild risk factors (~1.5x chance). These risks are age of menarche less than 12, post-menopausal estrogen, and BMI greater than 31.