Block 7 Michigan Genetic

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  • 1/16 Questions

    Which of the following human diseases is least likely to be caused by aneuploidy?

    • Klinefelter syndrome
    • Fragile X syndrome
    • Down syndrome
    • Turner syndrome
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About This Quiz

Explore the complexities of genetic disorders and inheritance patterns in BLOCK 7 MICHIGAN GENETIC quiz. Dive into topics like aneuploidy, anticipation in myotonic dystrophy, and linkage analysis, enhancing understanding of genetic principles critical for advanced biology studies.

Block 7 Michigan Genetic - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Myotonic dystrophy may show increasing severity and earlier age of onset in successive generations. This phenomenon is known as:

    • Variable expressivity

    • Compound heterozygosity

    • Locus heterogeneity

    • Incomplete penetrance

    • Anticipation

    Correct Answer
    A. Anticipation
    Explanation
    Anticipation may be defined as "increasing severity and earlier age of onset in successive generations". Anticipation is most often due to the gradual expansion of a trinucleotide repeat element in the gene whose mutation causes the disease. Myotonic muscular dystrophy is caused by the expansion of a GCT repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the gene. Normal individuals have 5-35 copies of the repeat, while patients with MMD always have greater than 50 copies, and some patients have greater than 1000 copies. Expansion of these trinucleotide repeats occurs primarily when the gene goes through female meiosis. In fact, congential MMD, caused by trinucleotide expansions containing thousands of copies, is caused only by alleles that are inherited maternally.
    Other genetic disorders caused by the expansion of trinucleotide repeats include fragile X syndrome and Huntington disease.

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  • 3. 

    To establish a successful and cost-effective screening program for detecting heterozygous carriers of an autosomal recessive disease, all of the following are essential, EXCEPT:

    • The screening test has a positive predictive value of 100%

    • A high-risk population can be identified

    • Reproductive options are available

    • Genetic counseling is provided with the testing

    • The disease is severe enough to be clinically significant

    Correct Answer
    A. The screening test has a positive predictive value of 100%
    Explanation
    Screening tests are aimed at identifying a subset of the population for which more specific diagnostic tests are applicable. Therefore a successful "screening" program does not need to have 100% positive predictive value.

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  • 4. 

    True or False: Presymptomatic diagnosis for Huntington's disease requires DNA analysis of at least one affected relative.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Since Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by a single, known mutation, a PCR test can provide direct diagnosis without the need to test other family members. HD is caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat in the coding region of the HD gene, huntingtin. The CAG repeat ranges from 10-30 copies in length in normal chromosomes and from 36-121 copies in length on HD chromosomes.

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  • 5. 
    Below is a family with a normal son, and a daughter with trisomy 13. DNA samples from all four individuals were analyzed for an RFLP on chromosome 13. The results are shown below the pedigree. This RFLP has alleles of 10kb, 8kb, 6kb, and 4kb. Note that the 6kb band on the daughter (II-2) and the 4kb band on the mother (I-2) are of double intensity. Based on these data, in which meiotic division did the non-disjunction event occur? - ProProfs

    Below is a family with a normal son, and a daughter with trisomy 13. DNA samples from all four individuals were analyzed for an RFLP on chromosome 13. The results are shown below the pedigree. This RFLP has alleles of 10kb, 8kb, 6kb, and 4kb. Note that the 6kb band on the daughter (II-2) and the 4kb band on the mother (I-2) are of double intensity. Based on these data, in which meiotic division did the non-disjunction event occur?

    • Paternal meiosis I

    • Paternal meiosis II

    • Maternal meiosis I

    • Maternal meiosis II

    • Maternal meiosis I or maternal meiosis II

    Correct Answer
    A. Paternal meiosis II
    Explanation
    The father (I-1) has 2 different alleles at the RFLP analyzed, one 10kb in size and one 6kb in size. The mother (I-2) has the same 4kb allele for this RFLP on each copy of her chromosome 13. The affected daughter (II-2) received two copies of the 6kb allele from her father and one copy of the 4kb allele from her mother. The non-disjunction event must have occurred in paternal meiosis II, as this is the stage when the identical sister chromatids separate.
    NOTE: If an affected daughter had received 2 copies of the maternal 4kb allele, it would be impossible to determine if the non-disjunction event had occurred during maternal meiosis I or maternal meiosis II.

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  • 6. 

    Linkage analysis is performed in a large family with an autosomal dominant hemolytic anemia, using a polymorphic marker within the b-globin locus. The LOD score at q=0 is negative infinity. The LOD score at q=0.01 is -4.5. You conclude that the disorder in this family:

    • Is due to a mutation in the a-globin gene

    • Is due to a B-globin gene mutation

    • Is an acquired disorder, due to a somatic gene mutation

    • Is due to a mutation in a gene on chromosome 11, 10 cM centromeric of B-globin

    • Is not due to a B-globin gene mutation

    Correct Answer
    A. Is not due to a B-globin gene mutation
    Explanation
    A negative LOD score of

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  • 7. 

    True or False: In X chromosome inactivation, all of the X chromosome genes are inactivated.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Not all genes on the X chromosome are inactivated during Lyonization. Two genes on the short arm of the X chromosome which are not inactivated are the Xga antigen gene and the steroid sulfatase gene. There are also genes on the long arm of the X chromosome which are not inactivated, because they are needed to maintain ovarian function until menopause.

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  • 8. 

    The concept that genetic counseling must be nondirective arises directly from respect for which of the following principles of medical ethics?

    • Autonomy

    • Justice

    • Beneficence

    • Paternalism

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Autonomy
    Explanation
    Genetic counseling must be nondirective to respect the autonomy of the patient. Autonomy is synonymous with self-determination, self-rule, or self-governance. In genetic counseling, the patient should be given as much information as possible so that he/she can make the best decision possible for himself/herself (which will not be the same decision for all patients).

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  • 9. 

    A young woman of northern European descent is the single parent of a child with autosomal recessive cystic fibrosis. She marries her first cousin and becomes pregnant. What is the probability that her child will have cystic fibrosis?

    • 1/2500

    • 1/100

    • 1/32

    • 1/8

    • 1/4

    Correct Answer
    A. 1/32
    Explanation
    To work this problem draw out the family lineage, calculate the risk of having the CF gene at each branch and multiply each risk. The parent of this woman through whom she is related to her first cousin has a 1/2 chance of carrying the mutant CF, this parental sib has a 1/2 chance of carrying the allele and this person's child (the first cousin) also has a 1/2 chance of carrying the mutant allele. Cumulative risk = 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8 that the first cousin has a mutant allele. Then the risk to have an affected child is 1 x 1/2 x 1/8 x 1/2 = 1/32.

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  • 10. 

    A, B, C, and D are defined in the table below. For each question, match the term with its correct definition.   Affected Unaffected Positive Test Result A B Negative Test Result C D Specificity

    • C/(C + D)

    • B/(B + D)

    • A/(A + C)

    • D/(B + D)

    • B/(A + B)

    Correct Answer
    A. D/(B + D)
    Explanation
    Specificity is defined as the number of unaffected people who have a negative test result out of the total number of unaffected people. For the table shown, this is D/(B + D).

    Specificity can be remembered as "negative in health" or NIH.

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  • 11. 

    A, B, C, and D are defined in the table below. For each question, match the term with its correct definition.   Affected Unaffected Positive Test Result A B Negative Test Result C D Sensitivity

    • C/(C + D)

    • B/(B + D)

    • A/(A + C)

    • D/(B + D)

    • B/(A + B)

    Correct Answer
    A. A/(A + C)
    Explanation
    Sensitivity if defined as the number of affected individuals who test positive for the disease out of the total number of affected individuals. For the table shown, this is equal to A/(A + C).

    A way to remember this is "positive in disease" or PID, because PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) is a sensitive topic.

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  • 12. 

    A, B, C, and D are defined in the table below. For each question, match the term with its correct definition.   Affected Unaffected Positive Test Result A B Negative Test Result C D False positive rate

    • C/(C + D)

    • B/(B + D)

    • A/(A + C)

    • D/(B + D)

    • B/(A + B)

    Correct Answer
    A. B/(A + B)
    Explanation
    The false positive rate is the number of unaffected individuals who test positive out of the total number of positive test results. For the table shown, the false positive rate is equal to B/(A + B).

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  • 13. 

    A, B, C, and D are defined in the table below. For each question, match the term with its correct definition.   Affected Unaffected Positive Test Result A B Negative Test Result C D False negative rate

    • C/(C + D)

    • B/(B + D)

    • A/(A + C)

    • D/(B + D)

    • B/(A + B)

    Correct Answer
    A. C/(C + D)
    Explanation
    The false negative rate is the number of affected individuals who test negative divided by the total number of negative test results. This is C/(C + D) for the table shown.

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  • 14. 

    Each of the following have been observed as mechanisms resulting in the activation of a proto-oncogene except:

    • A chromosome translocation fusing portions of the oncogene and another cellular gene

    • Capture of the oncogene sequence by a retrovirus

    • Amplification of an oncogene as small, sub-chromosomal fragments (double minutes)

    • Inactivation of an oncogene by telomerase activity

    • A point mutation altering the function of the oncogene protein product

    Correct Answer
    A. Inactivation of an oncogene by telomerase activity
    Explanation
    Conversion of a proto-oncogene into an oncogene is characterized by activation of the gene so that it loses normal control and functions inappropriately in cell growth. Thus an event that inactivates the gene, like the action of telomerase, would not be expected to activate it.

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  • 15. 

    Which of the following would NOT benefit a patient with B-thalassemia major?

    • Increasing fetal Hb production.

    • Increasing B-globin production

    • Decreasing a-globin production.

    • Increasing a-globin production.

    • Transfusion and iron chelation therapy

    Correct Answer
    A. Increasing a-globin production.
    Explanation
    B-thalassemia major is characterized by very little or no -globin. This results in the formation of  homotetramers (a4) which precipitate in the RBCs causing RBC destruction in the bone marrow and spleen. Increasing a-globin production would only exacerbate homotetramer formation and worsen the patient's condition.

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  • 16. 
    The results of linkage analysis for marker A and the NF-1 gene are shown below. What is the approximate genetic distance between marker A and the NF-1 gene? - ProProfs

    The results of linkage analysis for marker A and the NF-1 gene are shown below. What is the approximate genetic distance between marker A and the NF-1 gene?

    • 0.1 cM

    • 0.5 cM

    • 1 cM

    • 10 cM

    • 30 cM

    Correct Answer
    A. 10 cM
    Explanation
    The most likely recombination fraction (), is that which gives the highest positive lod score (). For this question, the highest lod score is when =0.10. To change this to centimorgans, use the conversion that 1 cM is equal to a 1% or 0.01 recombination frequency between the two loci. Therefore, =0.10 means that the two loci are separated by a distance of approximately 10 cM.

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  • Current Version
  • Aug 20, 2024
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Mar 30, 2012
    Quiz Created by
    Rossstudent

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