Black Civil Rights Focus Question Two

James Meredith was the black Mississippi student who had his application to the University of Mississippi rejected when he sent in a photograph of himself with his application.

Rosa Parks' defiance of segregation on buses resulted in her arrest. This action by the authorities shows that they did not tolerate her refusal to comply with the discriminatory laws. By arresting her, they aimed to send a message and maintain the status quo of segregation. This event became a significant catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, sparking widespread protests and ultimately leading to the desegregation of public transportation.

Martin Luther King's ideas of peaceful protest were influenced greatly by Mohandas Gandhi. Gandhi was a prominent political figure known for his nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience movements in India. King studied Gandhi's methods and philosophy of nonviolence, which he then applied to the civil rights movement in the United States. Gandhi's principles of peaceful protest, such as satyagraha (truth force) and ahimsa (nonviolence), resonated with King and became foundational to his approach in fighting for racial equality and justice. King often referred to Gandhi as one of his main inspirations and credited him for shaping his own philosophy of nonviolent activism.

The correct answer is that they were refused service. This means that when the four black students attempted to order coffee, they were denied the service and not served.

The leader offered training on how to cope with verbal and physical abuse without retaliation. This suggests that the leader aimed to empower the protesters by teaching them strategies to handle abusive situations peacefully and without resorting to violence. This training likely emphasized the importance of non-violent resistance and the power of peaceful protest in achieving their goals.

Martin Luther King was an important civil rights campaigner who addressed a meeting in Montgomery the next day. He was a prominent leader in the American civil rights movement and played a crucial role in advocating for racial equality and justice. His speeches and activism inspired millions of people and his leadership was instrumental in bringing about significant social and political changes.

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The correct answer suggests that the response of the bus driver when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery in 1955 was "Nigger move back." This response highlights the racial discrimination and offensive language that Parks faced during that time. It reflects the segregation and mistreatment of African Americans in society during the era of racial segregation in the United States.

The answer states that the action was very effective because the Montgomery city buses were deserted. This suggests that the boycott had a significant impact on the bus system, as fewer people were using the buses. The fact that the buses were deserted indicates that the boycott successfully achieved its goal of reducing ridership and putting pressure on the bus company to change its discriminatory policies.

The correct answer is "Civil Disobedience." This book, written by Henry David Thoreau, greatly influenced Gandhi's philosophy of non-violent resistance. Thoreau's ideas on civil disobedience, which advocated for individuals to peacefully protest unjust laws, had a profound impact on Gandhi's approach to social and political change in India. Gandhi saw civil disobedience as a powerful tool for challenging oppressive systems and achieving justice.

In response to the continued segregation faced by young black students in 1960, they adopted the tactic of sit-ins. Sit-ins involved peacefully occupying segregated establishments, such as restaurants or lunch counters, to protest against discriminatory policies. This nonviolent form of protest aimed to draw attention to the injustice of segregation and put pressure on businesses and authorities to desegregate. The sit-ins were a powerful tool in the fight against segregation and played a significant role in the Civil Rights movement.

The first of these protests were carried out in Greensboro, North Carolina.

The correct answer is Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. This organization was founded at the conference and aimed to coordinate student-led efforts in the civil rights movement. The name "Non-violent" indicated their commitment to peaceful protest and resistance against racial segregation and discrimination.

The correct answer is "Freedom riders." The name given to this protest movement was "Freedom riders." This term refers to a group of civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in the 1960s to challenge the non-enforcement of Supreme Court rulings that declared segregated public buses unconstitutional. These activists aimed to bring attention to the ongoing racial segregation and discrimination in the South and to push for equal rights and desegregation.

Eugene "Bull" Connor is the correct answer for this question. He was the Birmingham police chief who allegedly held his police units back for 15 minutes, allowing a mob to attack the freedom riders without making any arrests. Connor was known for his opposition to the civil rights movement and his use of excessive force against protestors. His actions during the Birmingham campaign in 1963, including the use of police dogs and fire hoses against peaceful demonstrators, drew national attention and further fueled the civil rights movement.

After successfully enrolling at 'Ole Miss, James Meredith eventually graduated in 1963. However, during his time at Mississippi University, he was mostly ignored by his fellow students. Despite his achievement, he faced isolation and lack of acceptance from his peers.

The correct answer is "Immediate, leaflets distributed and a one day boycott announced 5th December." After Rosa Parks' arrest, black civil rights campaigners in Montgomery responded immediately by distributing leaflets and announcing a one-day boycott on December 5th. This shows their proactive and swift action in protesting against racial segregation and injustice.

The correct answer is (MIA) Montgomery Improvement Association. This group was formed to extend the boycott action in support of Rosa Parks' actions.

Dr Martin Luther King was chosen as the president of the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association). He was a prominent civil rights leader and played a crucial role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which was a major turning point in the civil rights movement. His leadership, advocacy for nonviolent resistance, and powerful speeches made him a respected figure in the fight against racial segregation and discrimination. King's appointment as president of the MIA was a testament to his influence and dedication to the cause of equality and justice.

The campaign was able to overcome the obstacle of the minimum fare imposed on taxis by implementing car pooling. This involved a group of 150 people, including three white individuals, sharing rides to and from work. By pooling their resources and sharing transportation, they were able to continue their campaign despite the financial burden imposed by the minimum fare.

The decision of the Supreme Court was that the Montgomery segregation laws were unconstitutional.

Most members of the White Citizen's Council emerged from the white middle class, which included professionals such as lawyers, entrepreneurs, and teachers. This social class provided the resources, education, and influence necessary for individuals to actively participate in and support the Council's activities.

The four students refused to leave the counter at a Woolworths lunch counter when the store closed because they were protesting about the segregated facilities. This means that they were against the practice of separating facilities for white and black people. They believed that everyone should have equal access to the same facilities, regardless of their race. By refusing to leave, they were making a statement and raising awareness about the injustice of segregation.

Ella Baker was the executive director of the SCLC who encouraged students to form their own civil rights protest group.

The correct answer is that the bus was attacked and firebombed. This means that the bus was targeted and set on fire deliberately, likely as an act of violence and intimidation. The attack on the bus is a significant event in the history of the freedom rides, highlighting the dangers and opposition faced by civil rights activists during that time.

The given correct answer states that the victory achieved by Meredith with the support of the NAACP on September 10, 1962, was that the Supreme Court ruled that Mississippi University must let James Meredith enroll. This means that the court decided that the university could not deny Meredith admission based on his race, thus affirming his right to equal education opportunities.

Ross Barnett took the action of appointing himself as registrar, refusing Meredith's application, and personally presenting himself at 'Ole Miss to prevent Meredith from enrolling.

The correct answer is "2-4-6-8 We don't want to integrate". This chant reflects the sentiment of the angry white crowd, who were opposed to integration. They were expressing their resistance to the idea of racial integration, possibly due to deep-seated prejudice or fear of change. This chant highlights the racial tensions and resistance to progress that existed during that time.

The "C" in project C stands for "Confrontation" because it implies that the project involved a situation where there was a direct and hostile encounter or disagreement between parties. This suggests that the project was likely focused on dealing with conflicts or resolving confrontations in some way.

The correct answer is "Unconstitutional". The Montgomery Federal Court declared the segregation laws in Montgomery as unconstitutional, meaning that these laws violated the principles and rights protected by the Constitution. This ruling deemed the laws invalid and illegal, as they went against the fundamental rights of equality and non-discrimination.

After the success of the Montgomery campaign, Martin Luther King and 40 other black clergyman set up the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The SCLC was a non-violent protest group that aimed to advance civil rights for African Americans through peaceful means. It organized and led various protests, marches, and boycotts to challenge racial segregation and discrimination in the United States. The SCLC played a crucial role in the civil rights movement and was instrumental in achieving significant legislative victories, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

After the Brown versus Board of Education decision in 1954, the White Citizens Council was formed as a new white supremacist organization in protest. The White Citizens Council aimed to resist racial integration in schools and other public facilities, promoting white supremacy and segregation. They used various tactics such as economic pressure, intimidation, and propaganda to maintain racial segregation in the United States.

Orville Faubus was the Governor of Arkansas who sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine black students from attending Little Rock High School. His actions were a part of the larger civil rights struggle in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s, known as the desegregation crisis in Little Rock. Faubus's decision to oppose the integration of schools reflected the resistance and racial tensions prevalent in many parts of the country at that time.

The correct answer is that the organizers of the sit-in campaigns made sure that there were more protesters ready to take their place. This strategy allowed the movement to continue even if some members were arrested. By constantly having new protesters available, the organizers ensured that the sit-ins could continue and maintain momentum, putting pressure on authorities to address their demands. This approach also demonstrated the determination and commitment of the movement, making it harder for authorities to suppress or discourage the protests.

The campaigner was arrested along with 36 other students and given a sentence of four months hard labour.

Robert Kennedy's action of personally contacting the judge and persuading him to drop all charges against Martin Luther King proved popular with Black voters. This action demonstrated a commitment to civil rights and showed support for the African American community, which resonated with Black voters during John F Kennedy's campaign.

Rosa Parks had been a secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) during the 12 years prior to 1955. The NAACP was a prominent Black Civil Rights organization that fought for racial equality and justice for African Americans. Parks played a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement and is best known for her refusal to give up her bus seat to a white passenger, which sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and became a symbol of resistance against racial segregation.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) obtained a court order preventing anyone from obstructing the Little Rock nine, a group of African American students, from attending the recently desegregated school. The NAACP played a crucial role in the civil rights movement and used legal strategies to challenge segregation and discrimination. In this case, they successfully obtained a court order to protect the rights of the Little Rock nine and ensure their access to education.

When the nine students attempted to attend school again, an angry crowd broke through the barriers and started rioting. This suggests that the crowd was opposed to the idea of black students entering the school and resorted to violent actions to express their anger and resistance.

The federal troops stayed at Little Rock for one year. This suggests that they were deployed for an extended period of time to maintain order and enforce desegregation in the city. The length of their stay indicates that the situation in Little Rock was challenging and required a long-term presence to ensure compliance with federal integration laws.

In 1959, the Federal District Court made the decision that segregated schools were unconstitutional. This means that state laws that enforced the separation of high schools based on race were deemed to be in violation of the Constitution. As a result, the court ruled that these laws were invalid and schools were required to integrate, meaning that black and white students could no longer be kept separate in different classes.

Diane Nash is the correct answer because she was a key leader who emerged during the sit-in campaign. Nash was a prominent figure in the Civil Rights Movement and played a crucial role in organizing and leading nonviolent protests, including sit-ins, to challenge racial segregation. She was a founding member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and was known for her bravery, determination, and strategic thinking in the fight for equality and justice.

The "Freedom Rides" were a series of bus trips organized by civil rights activists in 1961 to challenge racial segregation in interstate transportation. They began in Washington DC, where the activists boarded buses and traveled to the southern states to protest the segregation laws. The rides were met with violent opposition, but they played a significant role in the civil rights movement and helped bring attention to the issue of racial discrimination.

One of the protesters in Birmingham was beaten up by an angry mob and as a result, became paralyzed. This suggests that the protester faced severe physical violence, causing them to lose their ability to move or feel sensation in their body. The attack by the angry mob highlights the intense hostility and aggression towards the protesters, emphasizing the dangerous and volatile nature of the situation.

Governor Ross Barnett was the Governor of Mississippi who took direct action to prevent James Meredith from enrolling.

During the crisis, John F Kennedy took the action of speaking to Ross Barnett three times on the telephone. This suggests that he actively engaged in communication with Barnett, indicating his attempt to address and possibly resolve the crisis.

James Meredith's campaign in 1962 was significant to the Black Civil Rights movement, but it had limited success. While he was able to force one of the oldest segregated institutions in America, 'Ole Miss, to integrate, there was still a long way to go in overcoming racism in educational institutions. However, the campaign did showcase federal support for integration and received extensive media coverage, bringing attention to the cause and highlighting the need for further progress in achieving equality in education.

The NAACP supported Meredith in his campaign to enroll at 'Ole Miss. The NAACP, or the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, is a civil rights organization that works to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights for all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination. They have a long history of supporting individuals and cases related to civil rights, and their support for Meredith in his fight to integrate the University of Mississippi is in line with their mission and goals.

After the failed attempt to calm the crisis, President John F. Kennedy decided to send in US Army troops. This action suggests that he believed military intervention was necessary to address and resolve the crisis at hand. It also indicates that he prioritized restoring order and ensuring the safety of the affected area, potentially indicating the severity of the situation. By deploying troops, Kennedy aimed to assert federal authority and maintain stability, showcasing his commitment to resolving the crisis effectively.

Elizabeth Eckford was the name of the black student who was left stranded outside Little Rock school and subjected to racial abuse by an aggressive crowd of local protesters.