Biology Exam: Sample Questions Bank
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In eukaryotic cells, myosin interacts with Actin microfilaments to cause contraction.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
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About This Quiz
The questions in this bank have been compiled by senior students at Masaryk University, and are intended to help better prepare you for your final exam.
Please note, these questions are NOT past papers. The questions were put together using the Course Syllabus, Lectures, Practical Reports, and the faculty recommended text book 'Campbell, A. Neil, Reece, J. B. : Biology'.
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- 2.
The function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and other materials that are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum. It receives these materials in vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and then processes them by adding or modifying certain molecules. It also sorts the proteins and materials into different vesicles, which are then transported to their final destinations within the cell or outside of the cell. Therefore, the statement is correct.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Protein tyrosine kinase receptors transduce signals regulating cell growth, differentiation, survival, and migration.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Protein tyrosine kinase receptors play a crucial role in transmitting signals that regulate various cellular processes such as cell growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. These receptors are involved in activating intracellular signaling pathways upon binding to specific ligands, leading to the activation of downstream signaling molecules and ultimately influencing cellular behavior. Therefore, it is correct to say that protein tyrosine kinase receptors transduce signals regulating cell growth, differentiation, survival, and migration.Rate this question:
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- 4.
A kinase is a molecule with enzymatic (catalytic) activity.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
A kinase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specific molecule, usually a protein. This process, known as phosphorylation, is crucial for regulating various cellular processes such as signal transduction, metabolism, and cell division. Therefore, a kinase does indeed possess enzymatic (catalytic) activity.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Reverse Transcriptase allows the transription of viral single-stranded RNA to a DNA molecule.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template. It is commonly found in retroviruses, which have RNA genomes. Reverse transcriptase allows the viral RNA to be converted into DNA, which can then be integrated into the host cell's genome. This process is essential for the replication and propagation of retroviruses. Therefore, the statement that Reverse Transcriptase allows the transcription of viral single-stranded RNA to a DNA molecule is correct.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Cyclins are responsible for the control the progression of cells through the cell cycle.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Cyclins are proteins that regulate the cell cycle by binding to and activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). This activation allows CDKs to phosphorylate target proteins, which in turn control the progression of cells through the cell cycle. Therefore, it is correct to say that cyclins are responsible for controlling the progression of cells through the cell cycle.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Proteosomes are involved in protein degredation.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Proteosomes are large protein complexes found in cells that play a crucial role in protein degradation. They break down damaged or misfolded proteins into smaller peptides, which can then be further degraded or recycled. This process is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and removing proteins that are no longer needed or may be harmful to the cell. Therefore, the statement "Proteosomes are involved in protein degradation" is correct.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The dominant allele will be expressed in a heterozygote.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
In genetics, the term "dominant allele" refers to an allele that is expressed or observed in the phenotype of an individual, even if it is present in a heterozygous state. This means that even if there is only one copy of the dominant allele and one copy of the recessive allele, the dominant allele will still be expressed. Therefore, the statement "The dominant allele will be expressed in a heterozygote" is correct.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Transcription is indeed the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a specific region of the DNA called the promoter, and then proceeds to synthesize a single-stranded RNA molecule using the DNA template strand as a guide. This RNA molecule is complementary to the DNA template strand, with the exception that RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) as one of its nucleotide bases. Transcription is a vital step in gene expression, as it allows the information encoded in DNA to be transcribed into a functional RNA molecule, such as mRNA, which can then be translated into a protein.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Cancer stem cells can originate from progenitor cells and stem cells.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Cancer stem cells can indeed originate from both progenitor cells and stem cells. Progenitor cells are partially differentiated cells that have the potential to give rise to specific cell types. Stem cells, on the other hand, are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types. Both progenitor cells and stem cells have the potential to acquire mutations and transform into cancer stem cells, which possess self-renewal and differentiation capabilities and contribute to tumor growth and progression.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Myogenesis is the formation of muscular tissue.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
The given statement is true. Myogenesis refers to the process of muscle tissue formation. It involves the differentiation and fusion of myoblasts, which are precursor cells for muscle fibers. This process is essential for the development and growth of skeletal muscles in the body.Rate this question:
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- 12.
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
An oncogene is a gene that, when mutated or activated, can promote the development of cancer. These genes can stimulate cell growth, inhibit cell death, or promote the formation of blood vessels to supply nutrients to tumors. The presence of an oncogene increases the likelihood of cancer development. Therefore, the statement "An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer" is correct.Rate this question:
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- 13.
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
This statement is correct because an oncogene is a gene that has the ability to transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell. These genes can be mutated or overexpressed, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of cancer. Therefore, the presence of an oncogene increases the risk of cancer formation.Rate this question:
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- 14.
A protooncogene is a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene due to mutation or increased expression.
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Yes
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
A protooncogene is a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene due to mutation or increased expression. This means that under certain circumstances, such as genetic mutations or changes in gene regulation, a protooncogene can transform into an oncogene, which is a gene that contributes to the development of cancer. Therefore, the given statement is correct, as it accurately describes the potential of protooncogenes to become oncogenes.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Proteosomes degrade unwanted and damaged proteins by proteolysis.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Proteosomes are specialized protein complexes found in cells that play a crucial role in protein degradation. They are responsible for breaking down unwanted or damaged proteins through a process called proteolysis. Therefore, it is correct to say that proteosomes degrade unwanted and damaged proteins.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Cell cycle is driven by complexes of cyclins and cyclin dependant kinases (CDKs).
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
The statement is correct because the cell cycle is indeed regulated by complexes of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Cyclins are proteins that regulate the progression of the cell cycle by binding to and activating CDKs. CDKs are enzymes that phosphorylate target proteins, leading to cell cycle progression. These cyclin-CDK complexes control the transitions between different phases of the cell cycle, ensuring proper cell growth, DNA replication, and division.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Deficiencies in meiotic recombination lead to meiotic defects.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Deficiencies in meiotic recombination can indeed lead to meiotic defects. Meiotic recombination is a crucial process that occurs during meiosis, where genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes. This process helps to create genetic diversity and ensure proper segregation of chromosomes during gamete formation. However, if there are deficiencies in this recombination process, it can result in errors such as chromosome nondisjunction, unequal crossing over, or the formation of abnormal gametes. These defects can lead to genetic abnormalities, infertility, or developmental disorders. Therefore, the statement is correct.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Manipulation with growth factors and their receptors is crucial for the development of new differentiation protocols for stem cell-based therapies
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
The given statement suggests that manipulation with growth factors and their receptors is important for the development of new differentiation protocols for stem cell-based therapies. This implies that growth factors and their receptors play a key role in guiding the differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types, which is essential for successful stem cell-based therapies. Therefore, the answer "Yes" is correct as it aligns with the importance of manipulating growth factors and their receptors in the development of stem cell-based therapies.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the β globin gene
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the β globin gene. This means that there is a change in a single nucleotide in the gene sequence, leading to the production of abnormal hemoglobin molecules. These abnormal molecules cause red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, which can block blood flow and lead to various health complications. Therefore, the statement "Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the β globin gene" is correct.Rate this question:
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- 20.
RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
RNA contains uracil instead of thymine as one of its four nucleotide bases. In DNA, thymine pairs with adenine, while in RNA, uracil pairs with adenine. This difference in nucleotide bases is due to a chemical modification that occurs during the transcription process, where DNA is converted into RNA. Therefore, the statement is correct, and RNA indeed contains uracil instead of thymine.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Neurogenesis is the process by which neurons are generated from neural stem and progenitor cells.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Neurogenesis refers to the formation of new neurons from neural stem and progenitor cells. This process plays a crucial role in the development and functioning of the nervous system. It occurs primarily during embryonic development but can also continue throughout adulthood in certain regions of the brain. The statement accurately states that neurogenesis is the process by which neurons are generated from neural stem and progenitor cells, making the answer "Yes" correct.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Non-dysjunction is the failure of a chromosome pair to seperate properly during cell division.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Non-dysjunction is indeed the failure of a chromosome pair to separate properly during cell division. This can result in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells, leading to genetic disorders such as Down syndrome. Therefore, the correct answer is "Yes" as it accurately states the definition of non-dysjunction.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Down syndrome is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. This condition is known as trisomy 21. Individuals with Down syndrome typically have characteristic physical features, intellectual disabilities, and may experience various health complications. The statement provided in the answer is correct, as it accurately states that Down syndrome is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Growth of the oocytes that takes place in the ovaries during fetal development represents a key period in terms of accumulation of molecules that are crucial for autonomy of early embyogenesis.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
During fetal development, the growth of oocytes in the ovaries is a crucial period for the accumulation of molecules that are necessary for the autonomy of early embryogenesis. This implies that the growth of oocytes in the ovaries during fetal development plays a significant role in providing the necessary components for the successful development of an embryo. Therefore, the answer "Yes" is correct as it acknowledges the importance of this growth process in the ovaries during fetal development.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Embryonic induction is thought to be initiated by small signalling molecules (morphogens) their expression/synthesis is genetically controlled so that these factors have appropriate biological activity at the correct time and place in the embryo.
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Yes
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Embryonic induction is a process in which one group of cells influences the development of adjacent cells, leading to the formation of different tissues and organs. This process is initiated by small signaling molecules called morphogens. These morphogens are genetically controlled, meaning their expression and synthesis are regulated by specific genes. This ensures that the morphogens are produced and active at the appropriate time and location in the embryo, allowing for proper development and organization of cells and tissues. Therefore, the statement is correct.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Embryonic induction/gastrulation is initiated by the key signalling morphogen) from specific clusters of cells (organizers).
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Embryonic induction/gastrulation is indeed initiated by a key signaling morphogen from specific clusters of cells known as organizers. This process involves the movement and rearrangement of cells, leading to the formation of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and the establishment of the body plan during early embryonic development. The organizers release signaling molecules that instruct neighboring cells to differentiate and adopt specific cell fates, ultimately shaping the developing embryo.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Growth factors are usually proteins or steroid hormones.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Growth factors are signaling molecules that play a crucial role in regulating cell growth, division, and differentiation. They are typically proteins or steroid hormones that bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, triggering a cascade of intracellular events that ultimately promote cell proliferation and survival. Therefore, it is correct to say that growth factors are usually proteins or steroid hormones.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Gastrulation is the development of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm germ layers.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Gastrulation is the process during embryonic development where the single-layered blastula transforms into a three-layered structure called the gastrula. The three germ layers formed during gastrulation are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, skin, and hair; the mesoderm forms muscles, bones, and blood vessels; and the endoderm develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems. Therefore, it is correct to say that gastrulation is the development of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm germ layers.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) refers to single base differences of DNA sequences between individuals of a population.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) refers to the occurrence of a single base difference in the DNA sequences of individuals within a population. This means that at a particular position in the DNA sequence, one individual may have one base (e.g., A) while another individual may have a different base (e.g., G). Therefore, the statement "Yes" is correct as it accurately describes the concept of SNP.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Malignant tumours often metastasize.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Malignant tumors are cancerous and have the ability to spread to other parts of the body, a process known as metastasis. This is in contrast to benign tumors, which do not invade nearby tissues or spread to other areas. Therefore, the statement "Malignant tumors often metastasize" is correct.Rate this question:
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- 31.
One strategy of gene therapy is replacement of problematic gene
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Gene therapy is a promising approach for treating genetic disorders. One strategy in gene therapy involves replacing a problematic or defective gene with a functional one. This can be done by introducing a healthy copy of the gene into the patient's cells, either through direct delivery or using viral vectors. By replacing the problematic gene, the therapy aims to restore normal gene function and alleviate the symptoms of the genetic disorder. This approach has shown potential in treating various genetic diseases and holds promise for future medical advancements.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Mutations in human genes can cause developmental problems.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Mutations in human genes can indeed cause developmental problems. Genetic mutations can alter the normal functioning of genes, leading to abnormal development and growth. These mutations can disrupt important processes such as cell division, differentiation, and signaling, resulting in various developmental disorders. Examples of such disorders include Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and muscular dystrophy. Therefore, the answer "Yes" is correct as it acknowledges the link between gene mutations and developmental problems in humans.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Squamous cell carcinomas are derived from epithelia that forms protective cell layers.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Squamous cell carcinomas are indeed derived from epithelia that forms protective cell layers. This type of cancer originates from the squamous cells, which are flat cells that make up the outermost layer of the skin and line the hollow organs of the body. These cells serve as a protective barrier, and when they become cancerous, they can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Therefore, the statement "Squamous cell carcinomas are derived from epithelia that forms protective cell layers" is correct.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Gene p53 induces expression of target genes involved in apoptosis.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
The gene p53 is known to play a crucial role in regulating cell growth and division. One of its important functions is to induce the expression of target genes that are involved in apoptosis, which is the programmed cell death process. Apoptosis is a vital mechanism for maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliminating damaged or abnormal cells. Therefore, it is correct to say that gene p53 induces the expression of target genes involved in apoptosis.Rate this question:
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- 35.
MPF plays a major role in controlling the cell cycle.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
MPF, also known as maturation-promoting factor, is a protein complex that regulates the progression of the cell cycle. It controls the transition from the G2 phase to the M phase, where cell division occurs. MPF is responsible for initiating various cellular processes, such as chromosome condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown, which are essential for cell division. Therefore, it can be concluded that MPF plays a major role in controlling the cell cycle.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Reverse Transcriptase is used to transcript viral RNA into DNA.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that is capable of synthesizing a complementary DNA (cDNA) strand from an RNA template. This process is known as reverse transcription. In the context of the given statement, reverse transcriptase is used to convert viral RNA into DNA, allowing for further analysis and study of the viral genetic material. Therefore, the correct answer is "Yes."Rate this question:
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- 37.
Mendel's research was done on tomato plants.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. NoExplanation
Mendel's research was not done on tomato plants.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Pluripotency is the ability to differentiate into many different cell types
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to differentiate into multiple cell types. This means that a pluripotent cell has the potential to develop into various specialized cell types, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, or blood cells. Therefore, the statement "Pluripotency is the ability to differentiate into many different cell types" is correct.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Microtubules are tubules made of dimers of alpha and beta tubulin units.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Microtubules are indeed tubules composed of dimers of alpha and beta tubulin units. This statement accurately describes the structure of microtubules.Rate this question:
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- 40.
The cytoskeleton consists of intermediate filaments, microtubules and microfilaments.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
The given statement is correct. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that provide structural support and shape to cells. It is composed of three main components: intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microfilaments. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to cells, microtubules are involved in cell division and intracellular transport, and microfilaments are responsible for cell movement and contraction. Therefore, the statement that the cytoskeleton consists of intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microfilaments is accurate.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Transcription takes place in the nucleus.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Transcription is the process by which genetic information in DNA is copied into RNA. This process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where the DNA is located. Therefore, the statement "Transcription takes place in the nucleus" is correct.Rate this question:
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- 42.
In eukaryotic cells, cytokinesis occurs by use of a contractile ring of overlapping microfilaments.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
The statement is correct because in eukaryotic cells, cytokinesis, which is the process of dividing the cytoplasm and forming two daughter cells, occurs through the use of a contractile ring. This contractile ring is made up of overlapping microfilaments that contract and pinch the cell membrane, leading to the separation of the two daughter cells.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Chromatids are joined at their centromere.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Chromatids are joined at their centromere during cell division. The centromere is a specialized region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together. This connection ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes during cell division.Rate this question:
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- 44.
The negative charge of DNA allows it to move in gel electrophoresis.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
The negative charge of DNA allows it to move in gel electrophoresis because gel electrophoresis is a technique that separates DNA molecules based on their size and charge. DNA is negatively charged due to the phosphate groups in its backbone. When an electric current is applied to the gel, the negatively charged DNA molecules are attracted to the positive electrode and move towards it. The smaller DNA fragments move faster through the gel than larger fragments, resulting in separation of the DNA fragments based on their size.Rate this question:
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- 45.
The PCR process requires the use of primers.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
The PCR process requires the use of primers because primers are short DNA sequences that bind to the specific target DNA sequence that needs to be amplified. These primers serve as the starting point for DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase, allowing for the amplification of the target DNA region. Without primers, the PCR process cannot initiate and proceed. Therefore, the statement "The PCR process requires the use of primers" is correct.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Both cancer cells and stem cells have high telomerase activity.
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Yes
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No
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I Don
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Both cancer cells and stem cells have high telomerase activity. Telomerase is an enzyme that helps maintain the length of telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. Normal cells have limited telomerase activity, leading to gradual telomere shortening and eventual cell death. However, both cancer cells and stem cells have high telomerase activity, allowing them to maintain their telomeres and continue proliferating. This is one of the characteristics that make cancer cells and stem cells similar in terms of their ability to divide and grow indefinitely.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Defficiencies in meiotic recombination lead to meiotic defects and possibly cell death.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Deficiencies in meiotic recombination can cause errors in the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes during meiosis, leading to meiotic defects. These defects can result in abnormal chromosome segregation, formation of nonviable gametes, or the production of offspring with genetic abnormalities. In severe cases, cell death may occur due to the inability to properly complete meiosis. Therefore, the statement is correct in stating that deficiencies in meiotic recombination can lead to meiotic defects and possibly cell death.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Ubiquitin proteosome pathway eliminates abnormal proteins.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
The ubiquitin proteosome pathway is a cellular mechanism responsible for eliminating abnormal or misfolded proteins. It involves the tagging of these proteins with ubiquitin molecules, which target them for degradation by the proteasome. Therefore, the statement that the ubiquitin proteosome pathway eliminates abnormal proteins is correct.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Interphase consists of G1, S and G2.
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Yes
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No
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I Don't Know
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle and is divided into three stages: G1, S, and G2. During G1, the cell grows and carries out its normal functions. The S phase is when DNA replication occurs, ensuring that each daughter cell will have a complete set of chromosomes. Finally, during G2, the cell continues to grow and prepare for cell division. Therefore, the statement "Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2" is correct.Rate this question:
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