Biology 1406 Exam 2

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1/65 Questions

Semi-permeability of plasma membrane means
- All substances can pass through
- Some substances can pass through and some cannot
- No substances can pass through

About This Quiz

The 'Biology 1406 Exam 2' assesses understanding of cellular processes such as facilitated transport, membrane fluidity, osmosis, and exocytosis. It tests key skills in analyzing how cells interact with their environments and manage substances critical for cellular functions.

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2.

Which statements is true about the structure of the plasma membrane?
- It is composed of one layer of a phospholipid and no proteins
- It is composed of two layers of phospholipids and mosaic of proteins
- Has no major components
- Inflexible and hydrophillic
Correct Answer

A. It is composed of two layers of phospholipids and mosaic of proteins

Explanation

The correct answer is that the plasma membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids and a mosaic of proteins. This is a well-known fact in cell biology. The phospholipid bilayer forms the basic structure of the membrane, with the hydrophilic heads facing outward and the hydrophobic tails facing inward. The proteins are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer and have various functions, such as transport of molecules, cell signaling, and structural support. This structure allows the plasma membrane to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell and maintain cellular integrity.

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3.

What type of reaction (exergonic or endergonic) is shown in the equation below? C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP)

Correct Answer
exergonic

Explanation
The given equation represents the process of cellular respiration, which is the breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. In this reaction, glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) are reactants, and carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and ATP are products. Since energy is released in this reaction, it is considered exergonic.

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1
4.

How does an enzyme increase the rate of chemical reaction?
- By raising the energy of activation
- By being consumed by the reaction
- By stabilizing existing bonds
- By lowering the energy of activation
Correct Answer

A. By lowering the energy of activation

Explanation

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation. The energy of activation is the energy required to start a reaction. By lowering this energy barrier, enzymes make it easier for the reaction to occur, thus increasing the reaction rate. Enzymes achieve this by binding to the reactants and bringing them closer together in a way that facilitates the formation of new bonds or the breaking of existing bonds. This lowers the overall energy required for the reaction to proceed, making it more likely to happen.

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5.

Which of the following have kinetic energy?
- Ball rolling on the grass
- Rock sitting at the top of the cliff
- Person diving in the swimming pool
- A book on a table
Correct Answer(s)

A. Ball rolling on the grass
A. Person diving in the swimming pool

Explanation

The ball rolling on the grass and the person diving in the swimming pool both have kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion. In both cases, the ball and the person are in motion, so they possess kinetic energy. The rock sitting at the top of the cliff and the book on a table are not in motion, so they do not have kinetic energy.

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6.

Refer to figure below. The blue balls and the red rectangles are two different solutes. Solution with blue solutes is placed in side A of a container and solution with red rectangles is placed in side B of the container. The membrane that divides the two solutions is permeable to both solutes. At equilibrium, how many blue balls are there in each side of the container?
- No blue balls in side A, 6 blue balls in side B
- 4 blue balls in side A, 2 blue balls in side B
- 3 blue balls in side A, 3 blue balls in side B
- 6 blue balls in side A, no blue balls in side B
Correct Answer

A. 3 blue balls in side A, 3 blue balls in side B

Explanation

At equilibrium, the movement of solutes across the permeable membrane will continue until the concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. Therefore, the number of blue balls in each side of the container will be the same, resulting in 3 blue balls in side A and 3 blue balls in side B.

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7.

If plasma membrane has more saturated fatty acids, the plasma membrane is (more fluid/ less fluid).

Correct Answer
less fluid

Explanation
If the plasma membrane has more saturated fatty acids, it means that there are fewer double bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains. This results in a more tightly packed arrangement of the fatty acids, making the plasma membrane less fluid. Saturated fatty acids have straight chains that can easily stack together, reducing the movement of the phospholipids in the membrane. As a result, the membrane becomes more rigid and less fluid.

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8.

Refer to figure below. The blue balls and the red rectangles are two different solutes. Solution with blue solutes is placed in side A of a container and solution with red solutes is placed in side B of the container. The membrane that divides the two solutions is permeable to both solutes. At what direction is the net movement of the blue solutes and red solutes?
- Blue balls stay in side A, red rectangles stay in side B
- Blue balls move from side A to side B, red rectangles stay in side B
- Blue balls stay in side A, red rectangles move from side B to side A
- Blue balls move from side A to side B, red rectangles move from side B to side A
Correct Answer

A. Blue balls move from side A to side B, red rectangles move from side B to side A

Explanation

The net movement of the blue solutes is from side A to side B because there is a higher concentration of blue solutes in side A compared to side B. On the other hand, the net movement of the red solutes is from side B to side A because there is a higher concentration of red solutes in side B compared to side A.

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9.

What carrier proteins move two molecules in opposite directions?
- Uniporters
- Antiporters
- Symporters
- Phagocytosis
- Option 5
Correct Answer

A. Antiporters

Explanation

Antiporters are carrier proteins that move two molecules in opposite directions across the cell membrane. They use the energy derived from the movement of one molecule down its concentration gradient to transport the second molecule against its concentration gradient. This process is known as countertransport or exchange transport. Antiporters play a crucial role in various physiological processes, such as the exchange of ions, nutrients, and waste products across cell membranes.

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10.

What energy is released to the environment during energy transformation? It is a one-word answer and spelling matters.

Correct Answer
heat

Explanation
During energy transformation, heat is released to the environment. This occurs when energy changes form from one type to another, such as from chemical energy to heat energy or from mechanical energy to heat energy. Heat is a form of energy that is transferred from a warmer object to a cooler object, and it is often released as a byproduct of various energy conversions.

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11.

A red blood cell (RBC) has a concentration of 0.9% NaCl is put in a beaker with 1.8% NaCl. Assume NaCl is not permeable to membrane. What will happen to the RBC after sometime?
- RBC will shrink
- RBC will swell
- RBC will stay the same
- RBC will burst
Correct Answer

A. RBC will shrink

Explanation

When a red blood cell (RBC) with a lower concentration of NaCl (0.9%) is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of NaCl (1.8%), water molecules will move out of the RBC through osmosis. This is because the solution outside the RBC has a higher solute concentration, creating a hypertonic environment. As water leaves the RBC, it will shrink or crenate. Therefore, the correct answer is that the RBC will shrink.

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12.

In the reaction below, what are the intermediate products? A → B → C → D → X E1 E2 E3 E4 E = enzyme
- A
- B
- C
- D
- X
Correct Answer(s)

A. B
A. C
A. D
13.

________ reaction releases ATP and ________ molecules
- Anabolic; builds
- Catabolic; breaks down
- Anabolic; breaks down
- Catabolic; builds
Correct Answer

A. Catabolic; breaks down

Explanation

Catabolic reactions break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process. This energy is used to produce ATP, which is the main energy currency of cells. Therefore, the given answer "catabolic; breaks down" is correct because catabolic reactions break down molecules and release ATP.

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14.

Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?
- Noncompetitive inhibition
- Allosteric inhibition
- Feedback inhibition
- Competitive inhibition
Correct Answer

A. Competitive inhibition

Explanation

Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome competitive inhibition. Competitive inhibition occurs when a molecule similar in structure to the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding. By increasing the substrate concentration, the chances of the substrate successfully binding to the active site increase, thereby outcompeting the inhibitor and overcoming the inhibition.

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15.

Differentiate passive transport from active transport
- Passive transport moves materials against the concentration gradient while active transport moves materials along the concentration gradient
- Passive transport requires energy while active transport requires no energy
- Passive transport requires the use of highly selective carrier proteins and active transport does not
- Passive transport moves materials along the concentration gradient while active transport moves materials against the concentration gradient
Correct Answer

A. Passive transport moves materials along the concentration gradient while active transport moves materials against the concentration gradient

Explanation

Passive transport is the movement of materials along the concentration gradient, meaning from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, without the need for energy. On the other hand, active transport moves materials against the concentration gradient, meaning from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, and requires energy. Therefore, the given answer correctly distinguishes between passive and active transport based on the direction of material movement and the requirement of energy.

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1
16.

What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
- Simple diffusion requires no transport proteins while facilitated diffusion requires transport proteins
- Simple diffusion is the movement of nonpolar molecules while facilitated diffusion is the movement of small molecules
- Simple diffusion requires transport proteins while facilitated diffusion requires no transport proteins
- Simple diffusion repels smaller and larger polar molecules while facilitated diffusion allows O2, CO2, and H2O to diffuse in an out of the plasma membrane
Correct Answer

A. Simple diffusion requires no transport proteins while facilitated diffusion requires transport proteins

Explanation

Simple diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, without the need for transport proteins. On the other hand, facilitated diffusion also involves the passive movement of molecules, but it requires the assistance of transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane. These proteins act as channels or carriers to facilitate the movement of specific molecules across the membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is that simple diffusion requires no transport proteins while facilitated diffusion requires transport proteins.

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17.

By what transport process O2 and CO2 go in and out of the cell? It is a one-word answer and spelling matters.

Correct Answer
diffusion

Explanation
Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules move in and out of the cell through the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient. In the case of O2 and CO2, they diffuse across the cell membrane, which is selectively permeable to allow the passage of these gases. This process is essential for the exchange of gases between the cell and its surroundings, ensuring that the cell receives oxygen for cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide waste.

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18.

Which is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
- CO2
- O2
- Sulfate
- Carbonate
Correct Answer

A. O2

Explanation

O2 is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. During aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which is the last step of aerobic respiration. It accepts electrons from the electron carriers and combines with protons to form water. Without oxygen, aerobic respiration cannot proceed, and cells would not be able to produce sufficient energy.

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19.

According to the induce-fit model of enzyme action, ________ change/s slightly in shape to conform to the shape of the ________.
- Active sites of enzyme; substrate
- Substrate; active site of enzyme
- Site other than the active site; substrate
- Allosteric site; inhibitor
Correct Answer

A. Active sites of enzyme; substrate

Explanation

According to the induce-fit model of enzyme action, the active sites of enzyme change slightly in shape to conform to the shape of the substrate.

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20.

Refer to figure below. Why there is an increasing rate of reaction when temperature is increased from 0^o to 40^oC?
- Increasing the temperature decreases the activation energy
- Increasing the temperature slows down the movement of molecules
- Increasing the temperature causes more effective collision between enzyme and substrate
- Increasing the temperature causes ionic bonds to be sensitive to the concentration of H+
Correct Answer

A. Increasing the temperature causes more effective collision between enzyme and substrate

Explanation

Increasing the temperature causes more effective collision between enzyme and substrate. As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the molecules also increases. This leads to higher molecular movement and more frequent collisions between the enzyme and substrate. These collisions are necessary for the reaction to occur. Therefore, increasing the temperature enhances the chances of successful collisions, leading to an increasing rate of reaction.

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21.

Potential energy is stored energy. Which of the following has potential energy?
- A satellite orbiting Earth
- Water used to run water mills
- An apple up on the apple tree
- A person skiing down a mountain
Correct Answer

A. An apple up on the apple tree

Explanation

An apple up on the apple tree has potential energy because it is in a higher position and can potentially fall down due to gravity. When it falls, its potential energy will be converted into kinetic energy.

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22.

Refer to figure below. Which enzyme is denatured at basic pH?
- Chymotrypsin
- Cholinesterase
- Pepsin
- Papsin
Correct Answer

A. Chymotrypsin

Explanation

Chymotrypsin is denatured at basic pH because it is an enzyme that functions optimally at a slightly acidic pH. Basic pH conditions can disrupt the enzyme's active site and alter its structure, leading to denaturation. Cholinesterase, pepsin, and papsin are not affected by basic pH and can function under a wider range of pH conditions.

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23.

Proton motive force that developed in ETS in mitochondrion is the difference in concentration of _____.
- H+ in and out the inner membrane
- Electrons in and out of cristae
- Water in and out of the cristae
- O2 in and out of the inner membrane
Correct Answer

A. H+ in and out the inner membrane

Explanation

The proton motive force that develops in the electron transport system (ETS) in the mitochondrion is the difference in concentration of H+ (protons) in and out of the inner membrane. This difference in proton concentration is created by the movement of electrons through the ETS, which pumps protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. The accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient, which drives the synthesis of ATP through ATP synthase.

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24.

How is glucose (a large and polar molecule) transported inside the cell passively?
- Facilitated transport
- Osmosis
- Simple diffusion
- Active transport
Correct Answer

A. Facilitated transport

Explanation

Glucose, being a large and polar molecule, cannot passively diffuse across the cell membrane. Facilitated transport is the process by which glucose is transported inside the cell. This process involves the use of carrier proteins embedded in the cell membrane that bind to glucose molecules and facilitate their movement across the membrane. Unlike active transport, facilitated transport does not require the input of energy. Therefore, facilitated transport is the most suitable explanation for how glucose is transported inside the cell passively.

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25.

It is a bulk transport process performed by cells and it involves taking in droplets of liquids. It is a one-word answer and spelling matters. Be specific in your answer.

Correct Answer
pinocytosis

Explanation
Pinocytosis is a bulk transport process performed by cells where they take in droplets of liquids. This process involves the formation of small vesicles that engulf the liquid and bring it into the cell. It is a one-word answer and the correct spelling is important.

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26.

What are examples of energy transformation?
- Burning wood releases heat and light
- Light energy from the sun is transformed by plants to chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose
- When plants are eaten by animals, the chemical energy in glucose is transformed to energy in ATP
- When animals walk, run, or move, the chemical energy in ATP is transformed to mechanical energy
Correct Answer(s)

A. Burning wood releases heat and light
A. Light energy from the sun is transformed by plants to chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose
A. When plants are eaten by animals, the chemical energy in glucose is transformed to energy in ATP
A. When animals walk, run, or move, the chemical energy in ATP is transformed to mechanical energy

Explanation

The examples provided in the answer demonstrate different forms of energy transformation. Burning wood releases heat and light energy, which is a transformation from chemical energy stored in the wood. Plants transform light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in glucose through photosynthesis. When animals consume plants, the chemical energy in glucose is transformed into ATP, which is a form of energy used by cells. Finally, when animals move, the chemical energy in ATP is transformed into mechanical energy, allowing for physical motion.

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27.

In prokaryotes, how many ATP (theoretically) are generated from one molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration? Your answer must be numeral with description such as 2 ATP

Correct Answer(s)
32 ATP

Explanation
In prokaryotes, aerobic respiration generates a maximum of 32 ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose. This process involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. During glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules are produced, while the Krebs cycle generates 2 ATP molecules. The majority of ATP production occurs in the electron transport chain, where 28 ATP molecules are produced through oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, the total ATP production in prokaryotes through aerobic respiration is 32 ATP.

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28.

When electrons move along the electron transport system in cristae, the energy released is used to transport ______.
- ATP from inside of cristae to the outside of cristae
- O2 from outside of cristae to the inside of cristae
- H+ from outside of cristae to the inside of cristae
- H+ from inside of cristae to the outside of the cristae
Correct Answer

A. H+ from inside of cristae to the outside of the cristae

Explanation

The movement of electrons along the electron transport system in cristae generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is established by pumping H+ ions from the matrix (inside of cristae) to the intermembrane space (outside of cristae). The energy released during this process is used to transport H+ from inside of cristae to the outside of the cristae.

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29.

Differentiate aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration based on number of ATP produced per molecule of glucose and final electron acceptors.
- Aerobic respiration uses sulfates and carbonates as final electron acceptor while anaerobic respiration uses oxygen
- Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as final electron acceptor while anaerobic respiration uses sulfates and carbonates
- Aerobic respiration generates more ATP than anaerobic respiration
- Aerobic respiration generates less ATP than anaerobic respiration
Correct Answer(s)

A. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as final electron acceptor while anaerobic respiration uses sulfates and carbonates
A. Aerobic respiration generates more ATP than anaerobic respiration

Explanation

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobic respiration uses sulfates and carbonates. This is because aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, which acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. In contrast, anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen, so alternative molecules such as sulfates and carbonates are used as the final electron acceptors. Additionally, aerobic respiration generates more ATP than anaerobic respiration. This is because aerobic respiration produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, which generates a larger amount of ATP compared to the substrate-level phosphorylation used in anaerobic respiration.

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30.

When proteins are used to generate ATP, they are first broken down to ________. It is a two-word answer (plural) and spelling matters

Correct Answer(s)
amino acids

Explanation
Proteins are broken down into amino acids in order to generate ATP. This process involves the breaking of peptide bonds between the amino acids in the protein molecule. These individual amino acids can then be further metabolized to produce ATP through various metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and play a crucial role in energy production within cells.

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31.

As the electrons are passed from one acceptor to another in the ETS in the cristae, the H+ concentration inside the cristae (increases/ decreases)

Correct Answer(s)
decreases

Explanation
As the electrons are passed from one acceptor to another in the Electron Transport System (ETS) in the cristae, they contribute to the pumping of protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates a higher concentration of protons outside the cristae compared to inside. Therefore, the H+ concentration inside the cristae decreases as electrons are passed along the ETS.

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32.

Osmosis is the net diffusion of ________ molecules across a membrane toward a higher solute concentration. It is a one word answer and spelling matters.

Correct Answer(s)
water, H2O

Explanation
Osmosis is the process by which water molecules move across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. This movement occurs to equalize the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane. The correct answer is "water" or "H2O" because osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water molecules.

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33.

Plants that survive winter or tolerate cold temperatures have plenty of (saturated fatty acids / unsaturated fatty acids) in there are their plasma membranes. Type the three words in your answer.

Correct Answer(s)
unsaturated fatty acids

Explanation
Plants that survive winter or tolerate cold temperatures have plenty of unsaturated fatty acids in their plasma membranes. Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds in their carbon chains, which gives them a more fluid and flexible structure. This allows the plasma membranes of these plants to remain functional even in cold temperatures, as they can adjust their fluidity to prevent freezing and maintain membrane integrity. Saturated fatty acids, on the other hand, have no double bonds and tend to have a more rigid structure, making them less suitable for cold tolerance.

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34.

Refer to figure below. A U-shaped tube is divided at the center with a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to water and NaCl but not to protein. Each side of the U-shape tube is filled with equal amount of solution of protein and NaCl, Side a with 6g proteins and 2g NaCl and Side B with 4g protein and 4g NaCl. After some time, what happens to the level of solution in side A?
- Level of solution in side A increases
- Level of solution in side B increases
- Level of solution on both sides stay the same
Correct Answer

A. Level of solution in side A increases

Explanation

The level of solution in side A increases because the concentration of protein is higher in side B compared to side A. As the semipermeable membrane is permeable to NaCl and water, but not to protein, water will move from side A to side B in order to dilute the higher concentration of protein. This movement of water causes the level of solution in side A to increase.

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1
35.

Which proteins are responsible for the transport of substances?
- Glycoproteins
- Peripheral proteins
- Integral membrane proteins
- Intracellular membrane proteins
Correct Answer

A. Integral membrane proteins

Explanation

Integral membrane proteins are responsible for the transport of substances across the cell membrane. These proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer of the membrane and have hydrophobic regions that allow them to interact with the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. They play a crucial role in transporting molecules such as ions, nutrients, and signaling molecules across the membrane, ensuring the proper functioning and homeostasis of the cell. Glycoproteins, peripheral proteins, and intracellular membrane proteins may also have various functions within the cell, but they are not specifically responsible for substance transport across the membrane.

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36.

Carrot sticks that are left in a dish with fresh tap water for several hours become stiff and hard because the solution inside the cells of the carrot is ________ to fresh tap water.

Correct Answer
hypertonic

Explanation
When carrot sticks are left in a dish with fresh tap water for several hours, they become stiff and hard because the solution inside the cells of the carrot is hypertonic to fresh tap water. This means that the concentration of solutes inside the carrot cells is higher than that of the tap water. As a result, water from the tap water moves into the carrot cells through osmosis, causing the cells to expand and become stiff and hard.

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37.

Oxidizing agents accept electrons and are oxidized.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

Oxidizing agents are substances that cause other substances to lose electrons, while they themselves are reduced. In other words, they gain electrons and are reduced, not oxidized. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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38.

Oxidative-level phosphorylation in animal cells takes place in the _____ of mitochondria.
- Intermembrane space
- Outer membrane
- Matrix
- Cristae
Correct Answer

A. Cristae

Explanation

Oxidative-level phosphorylation in animal cells takes place in the cristae of mitochondria. Cristae are the folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria that provide a large surface area for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase enzymes to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This process involves the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain, which pumps protons across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space. The protons then flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, driving the synthesis of ATP. Therefore, the cristae play a crucial role in the production of ATP in animal cells.

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39.

Which statements describe an enzyme?
- Enzymes are not specific for their reactions
- Enzyme speeds up the reaction by decreasing the activation energy
- Enzyme slows down the reaction by decreasing activation energy
- Enzyme can be reused after the reaction
Correct Answer(s)

A. Enzyme speeds up the reaction by decreasing the activation energy
A. Enzyme can be reused after the reaction

Explanation

Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. This allows the reaction to proceed more quickly and efficiently. Enzymes are highly specific for their reactions, meaning that each enzyme is designed to catalyze a particular reaction or set of reactions. Additionally, enzymes are not consumed or permanently altered during the reaction, so they can be reused multiple times.

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40.

What process generates the most ATP from one molecule of glucose? And what process generates the least ATP from one molecule of glucose?
- Aerobic cellular respiration; anaerobic cellular respiration
- Fermentation; aerobic cellular respiration
- Aerobic cellular respiration; fermentation
- Anaerobic cellular respiration; fermentation
Correct Answer

A. Aerobic cellular respiration; fermentation

Explanation

Aerobic cellular respiration is the process that generates the most ATP from one molecule of glucose. This process occurs in the presence of oxygen and involves the complete breakdown of glucose to produce a large amount of ATP. On the other hand, fermentation is the process that generates the least ATP from one molecule of glucose. This process occurs in the absence of oxygen and involves the partial breakdown of glucose, resulting in the production of a small amount of ATP.

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41.

Refer to the figure below. The U tube is divided in the center by a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to water but not to urea. To what direction is the net movement of the water molecules?
- Net movement of water molecules is from side B to side A
- Net movement of water molecules is from side A to side B
- Net movement of water molecules go both directions
Correct Answer

A. Net movement of water molecules is from side B to side A

Explanation

The net movement of water molecules is from side B to side A because the semipermeable membrane is permeable to water but not to urea. This means that water molecules can pass through the membrane, but urea molecules cannot. As a result, there is a higher concentration of water molecules on side B compared to side A. According to the principle of osmosis, water molecules will move from an area of higher concentration (side B) to an area of lower concentration (side A) in order to equalize the concentrations on both sides.

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42.

What substance influences the fluidity of the plasma membrane? it is a two word answer and spelling matters.

Correct Answer
fatty acid

Explanation
Fatty acids are a type of lipid that make up the plasma membrane. The length and saturation of fatty acids can affect the fluidity of the membrane. Shorter and unsaturated fatty acids increase fluidity, while longer and saturated fatty acids decrease fluidity. Therefore, the presence and composition of fatty acids directly influence the fluidity of the plasma membrane.

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43.

In feedback inhibition, the inhibitor of the biochemical pathway is the ________. It is two words and spelling matters

Correct Answer
final product

Explanation
In feedback inhibition, the final product of a biochemical pathway acts as the inhibitor. This means that when the concentration of the final product reaches a certain level, it binds to and inhibits one of the enzymes in the pathway, effectively shutting down the production of more product. This mechanism helps regulate and maintain homeostasis within the cell or organism by preventing the overproduction of certain molecules.

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44.

What substance is formed when H+ goes back inside the membrane through ATP synthase?
- ATP
- O2
- CO2
- H2O
Correct Answer

A. ATP

Explanation

When H+ goes back inside the membrane through ATP synthase, it combines with ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the main energy currency of cells and is used to power various cellular processes.

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45.

Which of the following uses phosphate from an organic substance to phophorylate ADP to ATP?
- Photophosphorylation only
- Substrate level phosphorylation only
- Both oxidative level phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
- Oxidative level phosphorylation only
Correct Answer

A. Substrate level phosphorylation only

Explanation

Substrate level phosphorylation is the process in which a phosphate group from an organic molecule is transferred directly to ADP to form ATP. This occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration, where high-energy phosphate bonds are formed. Photophosphorylation, on the other hand, is the process of using light energy to generate a proton gradient, which is then used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. Oxidative level phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain to generate a proton gradient, which is then used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. Therefore, the correct answer is substrate level phosphorylation only.

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46.

What is the ∆G of the reaction shown below?
- Positive ∆G
- Negative ∆G
- ∆G equals zero
Correct Answer

A. Negative ∆G

Explanation

The negative ∆G indicates that the reaction is thermodynamically favorable and spontaneous. This means that the products of the reaction have a lower free energy than the reactants, and the reaction will proceed in the forward direction without the need for external energy input.

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47.

Which statement about allosteric enzyme is false?
- Activators and inhibitors compete with substrate for binding in active sites
- Allosteric enzymes exist in active and inactive forms
- The active form is stablized by the allosteric activator
- The inactive form is stabilized by the allosteric inhibitor
Correct Answer

A. Activators and inhibitors compete with substrate for binding in active sites

Explanation

Allosteric enzymes have a unique regulatory mechanism where activators and inhibitors bind to a site other than the active site. This means that they do not compete with the substrate for binding in the active site. Instead, the binding of an activator or inhibitor at the allosteric site causes a conformational change in the enzyme, either stabilizing the active form or stabilizing the inactive form. Therefore, the statement that activators and inhibitors compete with the substrate for binding in active sites is false.

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48.

In the reaction below, What is the reducing agent and oxidizing agent? C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ à 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
- 6CO₂is the reducing agent and 6O₂ is the oxidizing agent.
- C₆H₁₂O₆ is the reducing agent and 6O₂ is the oxidizing agent
- 6O₂is the reducing agent and C₆H₁₂O₆is the oxidizing agent.
- C₆H₁₂O₆ is the reducing agent and 6H₂O is the oxidizing agent
Correct Answer

A. C₆H₁₂O₆ is the reducing agent and 6O₂ is the oxidizing agent

Explanation

In the given reaction, C6H12O6 is the reducing agent because it undergoes oxidation by losing electrons to form 6CO2. On the other hand, 6O2 is the oxidizing agent because it undergoes reduction by gaining electrons to form 6H2O.

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49.

Refer to figure below. A U-shaped tube is divided at the center with a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to water but not permeable to glucose. Each side of the U-shape tube is filled with equal amount of glucose solution, side A with 1% and side B with 10%. The set-up is left for some time. At equilibrium, what happens to the concentration of the glucose in side A and in side B?
- Theoretically, the concentration of glucose in side A is greater than in side B
- Theoretically, the concentration of glucose in side A is less then side B
- Theoretically, the concentration of glucose in side A and in side B is equal
- Not enough information given to answer
Correct Answer

A. Theoretically, the concentration of glucose in side A and in side B is equal

Explanation

The semipermeable membrane only allows water to pass through, not glucose. Therefore, over time, water will move from the side with lower concentration of solute (side A with 1% glucose) to the side with higher concentration of solute (side B with 10% glucose) in order to equalize the concentration. As a result, the concentration of glucose in side A will increase, while the concentration in side B will decrease. At equilibrium, the concentration of glucose in side A and side B will be equal.

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Biology 1406 Exam 2

Semi-permeability of plasma membrane means

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Which statements is true about the structure of the plasma membrane?

What type of reaction (exergonic or endergonic) is shown in the equation below? C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

How does an enzyme increase the rate of chemical reaction?

Which of the following have kinetic energy?

If plasma membrane has more saturated fatty acids, the plasma membrane is (more fluid/ less fluid).

What carrier proteins move two molecules in opposite directions?

What energy is released to the environment during energy transformation? It is a one-word answer and spelling matters.

A red blood cell (RBC) has a concentration of 0.9% NaCl is put in a beaker with 1.8% NaCl. Assume NaCl is not permeable to membrane. What will happen to the RBC after sometime?

In the reaction below, what are the intermediate products? A → B → C → D → X E1 E2 E3 E4 E = enzyme

________ reaction releases ATP and ________ molecules

Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?

Differentiate passive transport from active transport

What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

By what transport process O2 and CO2 go in and out of the cell? It is a one-word answer and spelling matters.

Which is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

According to the induce-fit model of enzyme action, ________ change/s slightly in shape to conform to the shape of the ________.

Refer to figure below. Why there is an increasing rate of reaction when temperature is increased from 0o to 40oC?

Potential energy is stored energy. Which of the following has potential energy?

Refer to figure below. Which enzyme is denatured at basic pH?

Proton motive force that developed in ETS in mitochondrion is the difference in concentration of _____.

How is glucose (a large and polar molecule) transported inside the cell passively?

It is a bulk transport process performed by cells and it involves taking in droplets of liquids. It is a one-word answer and spelling matters. Be specific in your answer.

What are examples of energy transformation?

In prokaryotes, how many ATP (theoretically) are generated from one molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration? Your answer must be numeral with description such as 2 ATP

When electrons move along the electron transport system in cristae, the energy released is used to transport ______.

Differentiate aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration based on number of ATP produced per molecule of glucose and final electron acceptors.

When proteins are used to generate ATP, they are first broken down to ________. It is a two-word answer (plural) and spelling matters

As the electrons are passed from one acceptor to another in the ETS in the cristae, the H+ concentration inside the cristae (increases/ decreases)

Osmosis is the net diffusion of ________ molecules across a membrane toward a higher solute concentration. It is a one word answer and spelling matters.

Plants that survive winter or tolerate cold temperatures have plenty of (saturated fatty acids / unsaturated fatty acids) in there are their plasma membranes. Type the three words in your answer.

Which proteins are responsible for the transport of substances?

Carrot sticks that are left in a dish with fresh tap water for several hours become stiff and hard because the solution inside the cells of the carrot is ________ to fresh tap water.

Oxidizing agents accept electrons and are oxidized.

Oxidative-level phosphorylation in animal cells takes place in the _____ of mitochondria.

Which statements describe an enzyme?

What process generates the most ATP from one molecule of glucose? And what process generates the least ATP from one molecule of glucose?

Refer to the figure below. The U tube is divided in the center by a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to water but not to urea. To what direction is the net movement of the water molecules?

What substance influences the fluidity of the plasma membrane? it is a two word answer and spelling matters.

In feedback inhibition, the inhibitor of the biochemical pathway is the ________. It is two words and spelling matters

What substance is formed when H+ goes back inside the membrane through ATP synthase?

Which of the following uses phosphate from an organic substance to phophorylate ADP to ATP?

What is the ∆G of the reaction shown below?

Which statement about allosteric enzyme is false?

In the reaction below, What is the reducing agent and oxidizing agent? C6H12O6 + 6O2 à 6CO2 + 6H2O

What type of reaction (exergonic or endergonic) is shown in the equation below? C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP)

reaction releases ATP and molecules

According to the induce-fit model of enzyme action, change/s slightly in shape to conform to the shape of the .

Refer to figure below. Why there is an increasing rate of reaction when temperature is increased from 0^o to 40^oC?

In the reaction below, What is the reducing agent and oxidizing agent? C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ à 6CO₂ + 6H₂O