Bio1334 Genetics - Molecular Genetics - Origins Of Variation In Genomes (Lectures 8 and 9)

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8. True or False?"Monozygotic twins have no epigenetic differences."

True

False

9. True or False?"A mutated version of an allele is referred to as the wild type."

True

False

The normal allele/organism is termed 'wild type'.

Explanation

The normal allele/organism is termed 'wild type'.

10. True or False?"Monozygotic twins have no genomic differences."

True

False

11. Which of the following is correct?

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells, resulting in two genetically different daughter cells.

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells, resulting in four genetically identical daughter cells.

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells, resulting in four genetically different daughter cells.

Mitosis occurs in sex cells, resulting in four genetically different daughter cells.

Mitosis occurs in sex cells, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.

12. What are Mendelian disorders?

Disorders caused by the inheritance of a single causative (mutant) gene.

Disorders caused by the inheritance of several causative (mutant) genes.

Disorders that have a late onset.

Disorders that are unrelated to any mutations within the genes.

13. SNPs can either be transitions or transversions.What do these terms mean? Match them to their correct definitions.

Transitions

Transversions

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14. Order the process by which meiotic homologous recombination generates crossovers.

Step One

Step Two

Step Three

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15. There are several forms of chemical mutagens that cause genes to mutate in various ways.Match these chemical mutagens below to the way in which they cause a mutation in the DNA.

Intercalating agents

Base analogues

Base modifying agents

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16. In the previous question we found that base modifying agents covalently alter a base causing it to mispair.There are 3 ways in which this can occur, and these are achieved by 3 different forms of base modifying agents.Match these agents to their function below.

Deaminating agents

Hydroxylating agents

Alkylating agents

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17. Match the following terms to their definitions.

Linkage analysis

Gene targeting

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18. There are four types of genetic variation that can occur.Match these to their definitions.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Indels

Copy number variations (CNVs)

Structural rearrangements

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19. If genetic variations occur in the following regions, what are the consequences?

Intergenic region

Non-coding region (e.g. introns, promoter, UTRS)

Protein-coding region

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20. Base substitutions can be silent, neutral, mis-sense or nonsense mutations.Match the following examples to the correct mutation.

A point mutation occurs, changing the codon 'UUU' to 'UUC'. The amino acid associated with the altered codon is still Phenylalanine, so there is no change in the resulting protein.

A point mutation occurs, resulting in a new amino acid associated with the codon. However, although the resulting protein produced is different, it has no negative effect on the individual and the mutation is neither beneficial nor detrimental to the organism's ability to survive or reproduce.

A point mutation occurs where a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. The resulting protein is therefore altered. This can result in the protein malfunctioning, or may not alter its function at all.

A point mutation that results in a premature stop codon, therefore resulting in an incomplete protein product.

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21. Now order the process by which a heteroduplex is formed.

Step One

Step Two

Step Three

Step Four

Step Five

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22. Match the following

Sanger (chain-termination)

Next-generation sequencing

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Bio1334 Genetics - Molecular Genetics - Origins Of Variation In Genomes (Lectures 8 and 9)

1. Complete the following sentence:Homologous combination occurs during the process of _________ within eukaryotes. It is the breakage and joining of DNA.

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. Complete the sentence below:Intercalating agents are ________ molecules that intercalate between base pairs, causing a frame-shift mutation.

3. Two or more alleles of a gene, common in a population are termed ____________.

4. Approximately what percentage of the human genome contains SNPs?

5. Complete the sentence below:The sequencing method Sanger (chain-termination) produces a typical sequence of length ________ bases.

6. Complete the sentence below:Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a sequencing method that produces gene sequences of typical length _______ bases.

7. Complete the sentence below:Insertion or deletion of a base in a genetic sequence (INDELs) results in a ___________ mutation, meaning all codons thereafter the single point mutation are affected.

8. True or False?"Monozygotic twins have no epigenetic differences."

9. True or False?"A mutated version of an allele is referred to as the wild type."

10. True or False?"Monozygotic twins have no genomic differences."

11. Which of the following is correct?

12. What are Mendelian disorders?

13. SNPs can either be transitions or transversions.What do these terms mean? Match them to their correct definitions.

14. Order the process by which meiotic homologous recombination generates crossovers.

15. There are several forms of chemical mutagens that cause genes to mutate in various ways.Match these chemical mutagens below to the way in which they cause a mutation in the DNA.

16. In the previous question we found that base modifying agents covalently alter a base causing it to mispair.There are 3 ways in which this can occur, and these are achieved by 3 different forms of base modifying agents.Match these agents to their function below.

17. Match the following terms to their definitions.

18. There are four types of genetic variation that can occur.Match these to their definitions.

19. If genetic variations occur in the following regions, what are the consequences?

20. Base substitutions can be silent, neutral, mis-sense or nonsense mutations.Match the following examples to the correct mutation.

21. Now order the process by which a heteroduplex is formed.

22. Match the following