Bio 115 Final Exam Review Quiz

Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable and balanced internal environment in the cell or body. It involves various physiological processes that regulate temperature, pH, and other factors to ensure optimal conditions for cellular functions. Homeostasis is crucial for the proper functioning of cells and organisms, as it allows them to adapt and respond to changes in the external environment while keeping the internal environment relatively constant. Diffusion, concentration gradient, and buffer state are not correct answers as they do not specifically relate to the maintenance of a constant or desired environment.

The stomach, liver, kidneys, and pancreas are all organs that are located in the abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity is the space located between the diaphragm and the pelvic cavity. It contains various organs involved in digestion, metabolism, and waste elimination. These organs work together to process food, filter waste products, and produce digestive enzymes and hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is abdominal.

The centrosome is not involved in the process of making a protein from a DNA sequence through protein synthesis and packaging. The nucleus contains the DNA and is responsible for transcription of the DNA into mRNA. The mRNA then moves to the ribosomes, where translation occurs to synthesize proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are involved in protein synthesis and packaging, as they help in folding, modifying, and transporting proteins. However, the centrosome is responsible for organizing microtubules during cell division and does not play a direct role in protein synthesis.

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in the production of two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, the DNA is duplicated and evenly distributed to the daughter cells. The main goal of mitosis is to produce new cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. This allows for growth, repair, and replacement of damaged or old cells in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "Produce new cells."

In the alveoli in the lungs, the partial pressure of oxygen is high and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is low. This concentration gradient allows for gas exchange with the blood. Oxygen moves from an area of high partial pressure in the alveoli to an area of low partial pressure in the blood, while carbon dioxide moves from an area of high partial pressure in the blood to an area of low partial pressure in the alveoli. This exchange ensures that oxygen is taken up by the blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

In a molecule of glucose, chemical energy is stored in covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share electrons, creating a strong bond between the atoms. In glucose, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are bonded together through covalent bonds. These bonds store energy that can be released through chemical reactions, such as cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down to release energy for the cell.

Smell is not involved in controlling the rate of breathing. The rate of breathing is primarily regulated by factors such as CO2 levels in the blood, blood pH, and physical activity. Smell, on the other hand, is related to the sense of olfaction and does not directly influence the respiratory system or the rate of breathing.

Nucleotides are the building blocks for nucleic acids. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are composed of long chains of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid determines the genetic information and plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and other cellular processes. Therefore, nucleotides are essential for the structure and function of nucleic acids.

During the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the cell prepares for cell division by replicating its organelles and other cellular components. This includes the replication of mitochondria, ribosomes, and centrosomes. The G2 phase follows the S phase, during which DNA replication occurs. Once the cell has completed the G2 phase, it enters the M phase (mitosis) where it divides into two daughter cells. Therefore, the correct answer is G2 Phase.

True Vocal Cords- Produce Sound
Flase Vocal Cords- Support and control movement of the true vocal cords

Cardiac muscle cells are connected by intercalated discs, which allow them to contract as a single unit. Intercalated discs are specialized cell junctions that contain gap junctions and desmosomes. Gap junctions allow for the passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells, facilitating electrical coupling and synchronization of contraction. Desmosomes provide mechanical strength and stability to the tissue. These intercalated discs ensure coordinated and efficient contraction of the cardiac muscle, enabling the heart to pump blood effectively.

The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for various functions in the cell. One of its main functions is membrane synthesis, where it produces lipids and proteins that are used to build the cell's membranes. Additionally, the endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in ribosome docking, which is the process of attaching ribosomes to the ER membrane for protein synthesis. Therefore, the correct answer includes membrane synthesis and ribosome docking as the main functions of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Areolar tissue is a loose connective tissue found in various parts of the body. It is composed of collagen, elastin, and fibroblasts. Collagen provides strength and support to the tissue, elastin allows for flexibility and recoil, and fibroblasts are responsible for producing the extracellular matrix and maintaining the tissue's structure. Macrophages, on the other hand, are immune cells that are not typically found in areolar tissue.

Sodium ions, proteins, and carbohydrates are most likely to be transported across the cell membrane by a protein carrier. This is because these molecules are relatively large and/or charged, making it difficult for them to pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane without the assistance of a protein carrier. Water, on the other hand, is a small and uncharged molecule that can easily pass through the lipid bilayer via simple diffusion, so it does not require a protein carrier for transport.

Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The building blocks of carbohydrates are saccharides, which are simple sugars or monosaccharides. These saccharides can combine through dehydration synthesis to form more complex carbohydrates such as disaccharides (two sugar units) or polysaccharides (many sugar units). Therefore, saccharides are the fundamental units that make up carbohydrates.