Binocular Vision - Midterm 2

Stereopsis refers to the perception of depth and 3D structure obtained from the visual input of both eyes. It relies on the slight differences in the images received by each eye to create a sense of depth. Therefore, the statement "Stereopsis is ideal for detecting this" suggests that stereopsis is the most suitable mechanism for perceiving relative depth.

Motion parallax is the monocular cue to depth that is described in the given statement. Motion parallax refers to the perception of depth and movement that occurs when an observer moves their head or eyes. Closer objects appear to move in the opposite direction of the eye movement, while farther objects appear to move in the same direction. This phenomenon allows the brain to interpret the relative distance and depth of objects in the visual field.

So if you did a motion after-effect or a tilt after-effect and it’s strong if you do one eye, but if you switch between the two eyes there is a transfer from one eye to the other, and that would indicate that you have binocular cells. Binocularity that can go from one to another.
As we move to normal to strabismic patients we get a diminishing effects of the interocular after-effect.

The Gestalt principle of proximity states that things that are close together will tend to group together. This means that when elements are placed close to each other, our brain perceives them as belonging to the same group or object. In other words, objects or elements that are physically near each other are perceived as related or forming a unified whole. This principle helps us organize and make sense of visual information by grouping similar elements based on their proximity to each other.

The correct answer is "All of the above are amblyogenic factors." This means that all of the factors listed in the question (Anisometropia, Meridional amblyopia, Stimulus deprivation amblyopia, and Strabismus) can potentially cause amblyopia, which is a condition where the vision in one eye does not develop properly.

Again if I do the chiasm I only have stereopsis in one place, the midline, with temporal stimulation, I would lose the things in the field.
In the corpus colosseum I would lose it in the midline, and would only have it in the periphery.

Occlusion refers to the concept of relatability, meaning that when something is covered, both ends of it should make sense to our visual system. In other words, our visual system is more likely to perceive occlusion when the object being occluded has a logical continuation or connection to it. Therefore, the statement that occlusion relates to the concept of relatability and that our visual system is more likely to interpret occlusion when it makes sense is true.

Prosopagnosia: patient has difficulty identifying faces - they may know it is a face but they don't know who it is

Using an axis 90 size lens over the right eye would be the best way to create a tilt away from the right eye when inducing aniseikonia with the Space Eikonometer. An axis 90 size lens would cause a shift in the visual axis, effectively tilting the image away from the right eye. This would help create the desired aniseikonia effect.

The reason for the initial criticism of the Visual cliff experiment was that monocular cues to depth were present. Monocular cues refer to visual cues that can be perceived with only one eye, such as relative size, texture gradient, and motion parallax. These cues can provide depth perception even without the need for binocular vision. Critics argued that the presence of monocular cues in the experiment could have influenced the infants' perception of depth, potentially confounding the results.

Option 3 refers to the Howard Dolman ( local) - far point measurement, rods appear equidistant, no head movement

Goal of the Verheoff : figure out what cues the patient is using - Were they using the depth to make the judgment, or were they using the monocular cues where size would tell you about the judgment. The monocular cues: the wider the thing is, the closer it should be, so they would always tend to say the wider one is closer if they were using monocular clues. Whereas if they pay attention to the stereoscopic cues, they would say which one is in stereoscopic depth. If you have a normal stereoscopic system, you’ll be able to detect the depth and override the monocular cues in the task.

The Pulfrich phenomenon is a visual illusion that occurs when there is a delay in the processing of visual information between the two eyes. This delay can cause objects to appear to move in a direction that they are not actually moving. To reverse this phenomenon, a neutral density filter is placed over the good eye to reduce the amount of light entering that eye. This helps to equalize the processing time between the two eyes and reduce the illusion. Additionally, prescribing a tint for their glasses can further help to alleviate the symptoms.

Alternation theory - occurs in retinal rivalry
Fusion theory - experiments show that we can attend to information in either eye

Synchrony has to do with change in time, but not position

Option 4 - is a cue conflict, in the real world when things get closer, they get bigger.

Depending on which cue I pay more attention to, that influence whether I get a SILO perception versus a SOLI perception. If size cue predominates, and I use size to tell me distance, I’ll perceive smaller as getting further and larger as closer. Now if I use distance cues primarily and don’t pay attention to the size cues, will see smaller as closer and larger as further.

The amount of fixation disparity and curve slope were found to be the most accurate indicators of symptoms. This means that individuals with a higher amount of fixation disparity and a steeper curve slope are more likely to experience symptoms related to fixation disparity. The other statements provided information about the characteristics and uses of fixation disparity curves, but they did not specifically address their predictive value for symptoms.

Local stereopsis provides monocular cues and is best for threshold or stereoacuity measures. This means that it relies on the perception of depth using only one eye and is most effective in determining the smallest level of detail that can be perceived in a stereoscopic image. It is not as effective in perceiving depth quickly and is commonly used in pediatrics. It also plays a role in detecting camouflaged objects, but requires the targets to be fused for form perception to occur.

Effect on stereo acuity, but esophoria did. The more esophoric they did, the more reduced their stereo was.

The more exophoria you don’t necessarily have more exo fixation disparity. So esophorias seemed to affect fixation disparity more than exophorias

(.75 + .75) - (.75 x .75)

Stereopsis 3-5 months

Stereoacuty is directly proportional to the pd, inversely proportional to the square of the viewing distance.

Cross fusing, or it’s called chiascopic fusion - trying to cross your eyes so at some point the visual axis would intersect and then you will get the fusion of those and then you will see the other ones to the side.

Global stereo target, so even if they get a fairly high disparity, if they get this one we know they have pretty good stereopsis.

The stereoscopic system is a relative depth perception system because it relies on the comparison of the slightly different images captured by each eye to perceive depth. This system calculates depth based on the relative disparities between the images. On the other hand, the monocular system is more of an absolute depth perception system because it relies on other cues like size, motion, and perspective to judge depth without the need for a comparison between two images.

pg. 71

Pulfrich Phenomenon - Increases the time gap between stimulus onset and perception. There has to be motion in effect for a person to experience these types of problem. If they are in static position, you won’t see it. It’s the depth effect created from temporal disparity
Etiologies include: optic nerve disease, unilateral GLC, retinal pathology, trauma, amblyopia, systemic pathology

In template modeling, you have to have some kind of a general model, and you have to be able to compare that model with distortions. So viewpoints become very important. In theory, it would take longer to recognize things in different viewpoints if you have more of a template type model. Because if you have a template for every possible orientation of an object, your brain would have to be so big. It wouldn’t work. You’d run out of neurons very quickly.

Option 3 - refers to the structural model; less dependence on viewpoints. Now if we look at viewpoints and how they affect your perception, it does affect your perception in some cases and not others

Option 4 - refers to the pandomonium Model

Option 2 - is Fechner's Paradox
Option 3 - Factors that influence Panum's area are vergence eye movements, spatial frequency, temporal frequency

The statement that is false is "It is pre-attentive and automatic system. It is hard to override this system." The monocular system is not pre-attentive and automatic, but rather a learned inference or assumption-based system. It is not hardwired like the binocular system and relies on cues such as texture gradients and linear perspective to perceive depth. Visual illusions can be created by manipulating these cues. Additionally, monocular cues to depth work in both the real world and in 2 dimensions.

Tuned because they are exacting. With the excitatory/inhibitory combination you can tell when something is on the horopter or off the horopter. They also have sensitivity to whether it is in front of, or behind these are the fine stereoscopic ones we have.

The near/far cells fire when the targets are closer or further from the horopter, but they don’t have as fine of tuning, or not as precise. Tell whether something is in front or behind and that would correspond to coarse stereopsis.

Suppression is not uniform across the suppression zone
Most intense at fovea and zero measure point