Science - Benchmark III Review (18)

Diamond is the hardest mineral on earth because of its unique crystal structure. It is composed of carbon atoms arranged in a tight, rigid lattice, making it extremely resistant to scratching and abrasion. This hardness is measured on the Mohs scale, where diamond has a rating of 10, the highest possible. In contrast, gemstone, rock, and granite are not specifically known for their hardness and do not compare to the exceptional hardness of diamond.

When a man chews food, he uses his muscles to break down the food into smaller pieces. This action requires the conversion of chemical energy stored in the food into mechanical energy, which is the energy associated with the movement and motion of objects. Therefore, the correct answer is mechanical energy.

On a hot day, the water on the sidewalk undergoes evaporation. Evaporation is the process in which a liquid, in this case, water, changes into a gas, usually due to an increase in temperature. The heat from the sun causes the water molecules to gain energy and become more active, eventually turning into water vapor. This water vapor then rises into the air, causing the water on the sidewalk to disappear.

When an ice cube melts, it undergoes a physical change. This is because the change in state from solid to liquid does not involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds. The molecules in the ice cube are still the same, but they gain enough energy to overcome the forces holding them together in a solid structure, resulting in the transformation into a liquid state. Therefore, it is considered a physical change rather than a chemical change.

Mass remains the same on the moon and the earth. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter an object contains, and it is a fundamental property of an object that does not change regardless of its location. Therefore, an object will have the same mass on both the moon and the earth, regardless of the difference in their gravitational forces.

The correct answer is chemical change because when toast is being made in a toaster, the heat causes a chemical reaction called the Maillard reaction. This reaction occurs between the amino acids and sugars present in the bread, resulting in the browning and formation of new compounds that give the toast its distinct flavor and texture. This transformation is a chemical change because the composition of the bread is altered at the molecular level.

The mouse is producing kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion. In this case, the mouse is moving, so it has kinetic energy. Potential energy refers to stored energy, chemical energy is the energy stored in chemical bonds, and mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy. However, based on the information given, the mouse's motion indicates that it is producing kinetic energy.

Air resistance is the correct answer because it is a force that opposes the motion of objects moving through the air. When a small object is moving, it experiences more air resistance compared to an elephant due to its smaller surface area. This increased air resistance slows down the small object more than it does the elephant, which has a larger surface area and is therefore affected less by air resistance.

When the snow settles to the bottom of the snow globe, it forms a suspension. A suspension is a type of mixture in which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid or gas but are large enough to settle out over time. In this case, the snow particles are suspended in the liquid inside the snow globe, but eventually settle to the bottom due to gravity. This settling behavior is characteristic of a suspension.

The correct answer is density. Density is the measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume. Gold is denser than water, which is why it sinks to the bottom of the pan.

The correct answer is water because it is a molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Water molecules are held together by covalent bonds, forming a bent or V-shaped structure. It is a polar molecule, meaning it has a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom. Water is essential for life and has unique properties, such as high boiling and melting points, which are a result of its hydrogen bonding.

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and is constant regardless of the location. Weight, on the other hand, depends on the gravitational force acting on an object and can vary depending on the strength of gravity. Since the question specifically asks about mass and not weight, the correct answer is that mass is the same in all the given locations.

A spring scale is used to measure force. It consists of a spring attached to a hook on one end and a pointer or a scale on the other end. When a force is applied to the hook, the spring stretches or compresses, and the scale or pointer indicates the magnitude of the force. This allows for the measurement of forces such as weight or tension. A thermometer measures temperature, a triple beam balance measures mass, and a meter stick measures length.

Neutralization process is the correct answer because it accurately describes the chemical reaction that occurs when an acid and a base combine to form salt and water. During neutralization, the hydrogen ions from the acid react with the hydroxide ions from the base, resulting in the formation of water and a salt compound. This process helps to neutralize the acidic or basic properties of the substances involved, leading to a more balanced and less corrosive solution.

An incandescent bulb has a filament instead of argon gas. When electricity passes through the filament, it heats up and produces light. This type of bulb is commonly used in household lighting fixtures. Fluorescent bulbs, on the other hand, use argon gas and a phosphor coating to produce light. Firefly lights are bioluminescent and do not use filaments or gas to produce light. Neon lights use neon gas to create their distinctive colors.

All organic material or once living material contains carbon. Carbon is an essential element in the composition of organic compounds, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It forms the backbone of these molecules and is responsible for their unique properties and functions. Carbon also plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle, where it is exchanged between the atmosphere, living organisms, and the Earth's crust.

Argon (Ar) and Neon (Ne) are chemically similar because they both belong to the same group on the periodic table, which is Group 18 or the noble gases. Noble gases are known for their stable and unreactive nature due to having a full outer electron shell. Both Argon and Neon have a full outer electron shell, making them chemically similar in terms of their reactivity and behavior.

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