AQA Additional Enzymes Quiz

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions in living organisms. Proteins are composed of long chains of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Therefore, enzymes are made up of a complex chain of amino acids. Each enzyme has a unique sequence and arrangement of amino acids that determines its structure and function. The specific arrangement of amino acids in an enzyme allows it to bind to specific substrates and facilitate chemical reactions, making it a crucial component in various biological processes.

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biological reactions. They are made up of long chains of amino acids that fold into complex three-dimensional structures. These structures enable enzymes to bind to specific molecules, called substrates, and facilitate chemical reactions. Enzymes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including metabolism, digestion, and cellular signaling. Therefore, the correct answer is protein.

The enzyme made by the salivary glands is amylase. Amylase is responsible for breaking down starch into smaller molecules, such as maltose and glucose, which can be easily absorbed by the body. It is produced by the salivary glands and also the pancreas, and plays a crucial role in the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth and small intestine.

The active site is where the substrate fits into the enzyme. It is a specific region on the enzyme's surface that allows the substrate to bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The active site has a unique shape and chemical properties that are complementary to the substrate, allowing for a specific interaction and facilitating the conversion of the substrate into a product.

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. They are small structures found in the cytoplasm of cells and are involved in the process of translating genetic information from the DNA into proteins. Ribosomes read the messenger RNA (mRNA) and use it as a template to assemble amino acids in the correct order, forming a protein chain. This process is essential for the growth, development, and functioning of cells and organisms. Therefore, the correct answer is "Protein Synthesis."

Enzymes speed up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy. Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. By lowering the activation energy, enzymes make it easier for reactant molecules to reach the transition state and form products. This allows reactions to happen more quickly and efficiently.

Enzymes denature at high temperatures above 40 degrees because excessive heat disrupts the enzyme's structure and causes it to lose its shape. This loss of shape affects the enzyme's active site, preventing it from binding to its substrate and carrying out its catalytic function. As a result, the enzyme becomes inactive and cannot perform its intended role in biochemical reactions. Conversely, enzymes are generally more stable and active at temperatures closer to the physiological range, around 37 degrees Celsius.

The liver is responsible for producing bile. Bile is a greenish-yellow fluid that is essential for the digestion and absorption of fats. It is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine. Bile helps to break down fats into smaller molecules, making them easier to absorb and utilize by the body. Additionally, bile also helps in the elimination of waste products from the liver. Therefore, the correct answer is the liver.

The optimum pH of pepsin is 2. Pepsin is an enzyme that functions in the stomach to break down proteins. It is most active and efficient at a low pH, specifically around 2. This acidic environment in the stomach helps to denature proteins and allows pepsin to effectively cleave peptide bonds. A pH of 2 is necessary for pepsin to maintain its structure and function optimally.

Pepsin is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of proteins. It is produced and released by the cells lining the stomach walls. The stomach is the main site where pepsin is found, as it functions in the acidic environment of the stomach to break down proteins into smaller peptides. Therefore, the correct answer is Stomach.

Enzymes are not directly involved in predation because predation refers to the act of one organism consuming another for food, which is primarily a behavioral and ecological process. Enzymes, on the other hand, are biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions within living organisms. While enzymes play crucial roles in processes like respiration, photosynthesis, genetic engineering, and digestion by facilitating the breakdown of molecules and the synthesis of new compounds, they do not directly participate in the predatory behavior of one organism hunting and consuming another.

Isomerase is involved in the production of slimming products. Isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of one isomer to another. In the context of slimming products, isomerase can be used to convert certain compounds or molecules into a different isomer that may have slimming or weight loss properties. Therefore, isomerase plays a role in the production of slimming products.

Bile is a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. It plays a crucial role in emulsifying fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets to increase their surface area for better digestion. Bile also helps in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. However, bile does not directly assist in protein digestion. The main enzymes responsible for protein digestion are produced by the pancreas and stomach. Therefore, "Assists in protein digestion" is not a function of bile.

Restriction enzymes are the correct answer because they are enzymes commonly used in genetic engineering. These enzymes are able to cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing scientists to manipulate and modify genes. By cutting DNA at specific points, restriction enzymes enable the insertion of new genes or the removal of unwanted genes. This process is essential in genetic engineering, as it allows scientists to create genetically modified organisms and study gene function.