Apii Final - Q. 96-190
Bob Beregowitz
- 1.
The process of filtration occurs at
- A.
The proximal convoluted tubule.
- B.
The distal convoluted tubule.
- C.
The collecting duct.
- D.
The nephron loop (loop of Henle).
- E.
The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
Correct Answer
E. The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.Explanation
The process of filtration occurs at the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. The glomerular capsule is the first part of the nephron where blood is filtered. It surrounds the glomerulus, a network of capillaries, and acts as a barrier to allow small molecules like water, ions, and waste products to pass through while preventing larger molecules like proteins and blood cells from entering the filtrate. This initial filtration process is essential for the formation of urine and the removal of waste products from the blood.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.
- A.
480
- B.
180
- C.
125
- D.
18
- E.
1.8
Correct Answer
B. 180Explanation
Approximately 180 liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. This is because the glomerular filtrate is formed by the filtration of blood in the glomerulus of the kidney. The glomerulus filters out waste products and excess water from the blood, which then enters the glomerular capsules. This filtrate is eventually processed and modified in the renal tubules to form urine.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"?
- A.
Reabsorption
- B.
Excretion
- C.
Secretion
- D.
Filtration
- E.
Micturition
Correct Answer
D. FiltrationExplanation
Filtration is the physiological process that occurs at the structure labeled "2". It refers to the movement of fluid and solutes from the blood into the renal tubules of the kidney. This process is essential for the formation of urine and helps in removing waste products, excess water, and electrolytes from the blood.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Where does countercurrent multiplication occur?
- A.
6
- B.
5
- C.
4
- D.
3
- E.
2
Correct Answer
C. 4Explanation
Countercurrent multiplication occurs in the nephron of the kidney. It refers to the process where the loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney by actively transporting sodium chloride out of the ascending limb and water out of the descending limb. This concentration gradient allows for the reabsorption of water from the collecting duct, resulting in the production of concentrated urine.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?
- A.
2
- B.
1
- C.
4
- D.
5
- E.
6
Correct Answer
B. 1 -
- 6.
Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH?
- A.
1
- B.
3
- C.
4
- D.
5 and 6
- E.
4, 5, and 6
Correct Answer
D. 5 and 6Explanation
Areas 5 and 6 are sensitive to the hormone ADH.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers:
- A.
Filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores.
- B.
Fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes.
- C.
Endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.
- D.
Dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule.
- E.
Podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.
Correct Answer
C. Endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.Explanation
The correct answer is endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits. This answer accurately describes the three layers of the filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle. The endothelium of the glomerulus forms the innermost layer, followed by the dense layer of the glomerulus, and finally the podocyte filtration slits. These layers work together to regulate the filtration of blood and prevent the passage of larger molecules such as proteins while allowing smaller molecules and fluid to be filtered into the renal tubules.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The structure known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus is located near the
- A.
The proximal convoluted tubule.
- B.
Glomerulus.
- C.
The collecting duct.
- D.
The nephron loop (loop of Henle).
- E.
Renal papilla.
Correct Answer
B. Glomerulus.Explanation
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure located near the glomerulus. It is responsible for regulating blood pressure and filtration rate in the kidneys. It consists of specialized cells, including juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa cells, that monitor the fluid and solute concentrations in the glomerular filtrate. These cells release hormones and signals to adjust the diameter of the afferent arteriole, which in turn affects the blood flow and filtration rate in the glomerulus. Therefore, the correct answer is glomerulus.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane.
- A.
Sodium ions.
- B.
Glucose
- C.
Albumin
- D.
Amino acids
- E.
Urea
Correct Answer
C. AlbuminExplanation
Albumin is a protein molecule that is relatively large in size. The filtration membrane in the context of this question refers to the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidneys, which is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. This filtration barrier consists of three layers: the endothelial layer, the basement membrane, and the podocytes. These layers have different sizes of pores, and albumin molecules are too large to pass through these pores. Therefore, substances larger than albumin, such as glucose, sodium ions, amino acids, and urea, also do not pass through the filtration membrane.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The process of filtration is driven by
- A.
Active transport.
- B.
Blood osmotic pressure.
- C.
Blood hydrostatic pressure.
- D.
Renal pumping.
- E.
Solvent drag.
Correct Answer
C. Blood hydrostatic pressure.Explanation
Filtration is the process by which substances are separated based on their size as a fluid passes through a filter. In the case of the kidneys, filtration occurs in the glomerulus where blood is filtered to form urine. Blood hydrostatic pressure refers to the force exerted by the fluid within the blood vessels against the walls of the glomerulus. This pressure is responsible for pushing water and small solutes out of the blood and into the renal tubules, initiating the process of urine formation. Therefore, blood hydrostatic pressure is the driving force behind filtration in the kidneys.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure?
- A.
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
- B.
Capsular hydrostatic pressure
- C.
Capsular colloid osmotic pressure
- D.
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
- E.
Urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure
Correct Answer
A. Glomerular hydrostatic pressureExplanation
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that favors the filtration process in the glomerulus. This pressure is exerted by the force of blood pushing against the walls of the glomerular capillaries. It is the main driving force for the filtration of fluid and solutes from the blood into the Bowman's capsule.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure, BCOP = blood colloidal osmotic pressure, CsHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure.)
- A.
A) FP = GHP + CsHP - BCOP
- B.
FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
- C.
FP = CsHP + GHP - BCOP
- D.
FP = BCOP - GHP + CsHP
- E.
FP = BCOP + (GHP - CsHP)
Correct Answer
B. FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)Explanation
The correct answer is FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP). This formula is used to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP) by subtracting the sum of the capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP) and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP) from the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP). This formula takes into account the opposing pressures that affect the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties?
- A.
Depends on changes in the afferent arteriole
- B.
Depends on changes in the mesangial cells
- C.
Depends on changes in the efferent arteriole
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has the properties of depending on changes in the afferent arteriole, changes in the mesangial cells, and changes in the efferent arteriole. This means that the rate of glomerular filtration can be regulated by adjustments in the diameter of these arterioles and by the contraction or relaxation of the mesangial cells. Therefore, all three options are correct and contribute to the autoregulation of the glomerular filtration rate.Rate this question:
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- 14.
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
- A.
Increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
- B.
Decrease secretion of aldosterone.
- C.
Increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.
- D.
Increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
- E.
Decrease urinary albumin concentration.
Correct Answer
A. Increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.Explanation
The correct answer is increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. The kidney can raise systemic blood pressure by increasing the secretion of renin. Renin is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which regulates blood pressure. When blood pressure drops, the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney release renin into the bloodstream. Renin then acts on angiotensinogen, a protein produced by the liver, to form angiotensin I. This eventually leads to the production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure. Therefore, increasing renin secretion helps to raise systemic blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following, except
- A.
Produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs.
- B.
Increase the glomerular filtration rate.
- C.
Increase cardiac output.
- D.
Stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction.
- E.
Increase systemic blood pressure.
Correct Answer
B. Increase the glomerular filtration rate.Explanation
Increased sympathetic tone can cause several physiological changes in the body, including venoconstriction of blood reservoirs, increased cardiac output, stimulation of peripheral vasoconstriction, and an increase in systemic blood pressure. However, it does not directly increase the glomerular filtration rate. The glomerular filtration rate is primarily regulated by factors such as blood pressure, filtration pressure, and renal autoregulation. While sympathetic activity can indirectly affect these factors, it does not directly stimulate an increase in the glomerular filtration rate.Rate this question:
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- 16.
As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?
- A.
1
- B.
38
- C.
63
- D.
74
- E.
99
Correct Answer
E. 99Explanation
The renal tubules play a crucial role in reabsorbing substances from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. This reabsorption process ensures that essential substances like water, electrolytes, and nutrients are not lost in the urine. The high percentage of 99 indicates that almost all of the filtrate is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation, highlighting the efficiency of the kidneys in maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except
- A.
Active transport.
- B.
Facilitated diffusion.
- C.
Secondary active transport.
- D.
Osmosis.
- E.
Stem cell movements.
Correct Answer
E. Stem cell movements.Explanation
Tubular reabsorption is a process in the kidneys where substances, such as water and certain ions, are reabsorbed from the renal tubules back into the bloodstream. This process involves active transport, facilitated diffusion, secondary active transport, and osmosis. However, stem cell movements do not play a role in tubular reabsorption. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into various cell types, but they are not directly involved in the reabsorption of substances in the renal tubules.Rate this question:
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- 18.
What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc) are reabsorbed in the PCT?
- A.
50
- B.
90
- C.
25
- D.
75
Correct Answer
D. 75Explanation
75% of nutrients such as glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) of the nephron. This is an important process in the kidneys where these essential substances are reclaimed from the filtrate and returned to the bloodstream. The PCT is highly efficient in reabsorbing these nutrients to ensure their retention in the body and maintain proper physiological balance.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Secretion of hydrogen ion by the DCT is by the process of
- A.
Diffusion.
- B.
Facilitated diffusion.
- C.
Active transport.
- D.
Cotransport.
- E.
Countertransport.
Correct Answer
E. Countertransport.Explanation
The secretion of hydrogen ion by the DCT occurs through the process of countertransport. This means that the hydrogen ion is transported out of the cell while another ion, such as potassium or sodium, is transported into the cell in the opposite direction. This process helps maintain the balance of ions and pH levels in the body.Rate this question:
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- 20.
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
- A.
A larger volume of urine.
- B.
Urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
- C.
Urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.
- D.
Urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.
- E.
Urine with less glucose.
Correct Answer
D. Urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.Explanation
When aldosterone levels increase, the kidneys respond by reabsorbing more sodium ions from the urine back into the bloodstream. This results in a lower concentration of sodium ions in the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is that the kidneys produce urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by
- A.
Simple diffusion.
- B.
Facilitated diffusion.
- C.
Active transport.
- D.
Cotransport with Na ions.
- E.
Countertransport for bicarbonate ion.
Correct Answer
D. Cotransport with Na ions.Explanation
In the thick ascending limb, chloride ions are reabsorbed through cotransport with sodium ions. This means that both chloride and sodium ions are transported across the cell membrane together, using the energy generated by the sodium-potassium pump. This process helps maintain the concentration gradient of sodium ions in the renal medulla, which is important for the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?
- A.
Relies on countercurrent multiplication
- B.
Creates high interstitial NaCl concentration in the renal medulla
- C.
Enables production of hypertonic urine
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The term nephron loop, also known as the loop of Henle, is responsible for countercurrent multiplication, which helps in creating a high interstitial NaCl concentration in the renal medulla. This concentration gradient enables the production of hypertonic urine. Therefore, all of the given descriptions accurately match the term nephron loop.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which of the following is greater?
- A.
The concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
- B.
The concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
- C.
The concentrations at the top and bottom are identical.
Correct Answer
B. The concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)Explanation
The concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is greater than the concentration at the beginning of the loop. This is because as the filtrate moves through the loop of Henle, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate, leading to a higher concentration of solute in the remaining fluid. The loop of Henle plays a crucial role in creating a concentration gradient in the kidney, allowing for the reabsorption of water and the production of concentrated urine.Rate this question:
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- 24.
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
- A.
More urine is produced.
- B.
Less urine is produced.
- C.
The osmolarity of the urine decreases.
- D.
More urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
- E.
None of the above occurs.
Correct Answer
D. More urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.Explanation
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, it leads to a decrease in water reabsorption in the kidneys. As a result, more water remains in the urine, leading to an increase in urine production. Additionally, the decrease in ADH also affects the concentration of solutes in the urine, causing a decrease in the osmolarity of the urine. Therefore, both more urine production and a decrease in the osmolarity of the urine occur when the level of ADH decreases.Rate this question:
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- 25.
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
- A.
The proximal convoluted tubule.
- B.
The distal convoluted tubule.
- C.
The collecting duct.
- D.
The nephron loop (loop of Henle).
- E.
Both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
Correct Answer
E. Both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle).Explanation
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle). The collecting duct plays a crucial role in reabsorbing water from the filtrate, thus concentrating the urine. The nephron loop, on the other hand, creates a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney, allowing for the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct. Therefore, both structures are necessary for the formation of concentrated urine.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Antidiuretic hormone
- A.
Increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
- B.
Is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood.
- C.
Causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.
- D.
Is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
- E.
Release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.
Correct Answer
A. Increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.Explanation
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. This means that when ADH is present, the collecting ducts in the kidneys allow more water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream instead of being excreted as urine. This mechanism helps to conserve water in the body and prevent dehydration. It is important for maintaining the body's water balance and regulating urine concentration.Rate this question:
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- 27.
The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves
- A.
The secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
- B.
Aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.
- C.
A high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.
- D.
A properly functioning nephron loop (loop of Henle).
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
The correct answer is "all of the above". The production of concentrated urine involves multiple mechanisms. The secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) plays a crucial role in increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts. Aquaporins, which are water channels, are inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells under the influence of ADH, allowing water to move out of the urine and back into the bloodstream. The high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid surrounding the collecting ducts creates an osmotic gradient that helps in water reabsorption. A properly functioning nephron loop, specifically the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle, is also necessary for the concentration of urine.Rate this question:
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- 28.
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to
- A.
Excessive ADH secretion.
- B.
Absence of ADH.
- C.
Hematuric oliguria.
- D.
Overproduction of aldosterone.
- E.
Dilation of the afferent arterioles.
Correct Answer
B. Absence of ADH.Explanation
The patient is excreting a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This suggests that there is a lack or absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body. ADH is responsible for regulating the reabsorption of water in the kidneys, and its absence would lead to decreased water reabsorption, resulting in the excretion of a large volume of dilute urine.Rate this question:
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- 29.
What is the function of gonads?
- A.
Produce gametes
- B.
Transport gametes
- C.
Produce hormones
- D.
Produce gametes and produce hormones
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. Produce gametes and produce hormonesExplanation
Gonads are reproductive organs that have dual functions. They produce gametes, which are the sex cells involved in reproduction (sperm in males and eggs in females). Additionally, gonads also produce hormones that are responsible for regulating various aspects of sexual development and function. These hormones include testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females. Therefore, the correct answer is that gonads produce both gametes and hormones.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Inward projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septa, divide the testis into
- A.
Seminiferous tubules.
- B.
Straight tubules.
- C.
Lobules.
- D.
Rete testorum.
- E.
The epididymis and the testis proper.
Correct Answer
C. Lobules.Explanation
The correct answer is lobules. The inward projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septa, divide the testis into lobules.Rate this question:
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- 31.
The reproductive system includes
- A.
Gonads and external genitalia.
- B.
Ducts that receive and transport the gametes.
- C.
Accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids.
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The reproductive system includes gonads and external genitalia, which are responsible for producing and delivering gametes. It also includes ducts that receive and transport the gametes, ensuring their movement to the appropriate location for fertilization. Additionally, the reproductive system consists of accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids, such as semen, to support the survival and motility of the gametes. Therefore, all of the above options are correct and encompass the various components of the reproductive system.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which of the following muscles move the testes towards the body?
- A.
The cremaster
- B.
The tunica muscularis
- C.
The biceps brachii
- D.
The dartos
- E.
Both the cremaster and the dartos
Correct Answer
E. Both the cremaster and the dartosExplanation
Both the cremaster and the dartos muscles move the testes towards the body. The cremaster muscle is a thin layer of skeletal muscle that surrounds the testes and contracts to elevate the testes closer to the body, particularly in response to cold temperatures or sexual arousal. The dartos muscle is a layer of smooth muscle in the scrotum that contracts and wrinkles the skin, helping to bring the testes closer to the body for thermoregulation.Rate this question:
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- 33.
The external marking of the boundary between the two testes is the
- A.
Spermatic cord.
- B.
Raphe.
- C.
Tunica albuginea.
- D.
Acrosome.
- E.
Dartos muscle.
Correct Answer
B. Raphe.Explanation
The correct answer is "raphe". The raphe is a ridge-like structure that marks the external boundary between the two testes. It is formed by the fusion of the tunica vaginalis, a serous membrane that covers each testis. The raphe is important in distinguishing the two testes and is a characteristic feature of the male reproductive system.Rate this question:
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- 34.
The spermatic cord is
- A.
A bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.
- B.
A narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity.
- C.
The external marking of the boundary between the two chambers of the scrotum.
- D.
A layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac.
- E.
A dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis.
Correct Answer
A. A bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.Explanation
The spermatic cord is a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis. This bundle of tissue is responsible for connecting the testis to the rest of the reproductive system and providing it with the necessary blood supply, nerve innervation, and lymphatic drainage. It plays a crucial role in the transportation of sperm and other fluids to and from the testis.Rate this question:
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- 35.
The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis is called the
- A.
Median raphe.
- B.
Spermatic cord.
- C.
Tunica albuginea.
- D.
Dartos.
- E.
Epididymis.
Correct Answer
C. Tunica albuginea.Explanation
The correct answer is tunica albuginea. The tunica albuginea is the dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis. It provides support and protection to the testis and helps maintain its shape. The median raphe is a ridge-like structure on the scrotum, the spermatic cord is a structure that contains the vas deferens and blood vessels, the dartos is a layer of smooth muscle in the scrotum, and the epididymis is a coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored.Rate this question:
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- 36.
The male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems?
- A.
Muscular
- B.
Urinary
- C.
Endocrine
- D.
Digestive
- E.
Integumentary
Correct Answer
B. UrinaryExplanation
The male reproductive system is most closely associated with the urinary system because both systems share common structures and functions. The urinary system is responsible for the production, storage, and elimination of urine, while the male reproductive system is responsible for the production and delivery of sperm. Both systems also share certain organs, such as the urethra, which serves as a passageway for both urine and semen. Additionally, the urinary system helps regulate the fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, which is important for the proper functioning of the male reproductive system.Rate this question:
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- 37.
The ________ connect the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis.
- A.
Efferent ductules
- B.
Straight tubules
- C.
Spermatic cords
- D.
Ductus deferentia
- E.
Inguinal canals
Correct Answer
A. Efferent ductulesExplanation
The efferent ductules connect the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis. The seminiferous tubules are responsible for producing sperm, and the efferent ductules serve as a passageway for the sperm to travel from the testes to the epididymis. The epididymis is where the sperm mature and are stored before being ejaculated. Therefore, the efferent ductules play a crucial role in the transport of sperm within the male reproductive system.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "11."
- A.
Bulbourethral gland
- B.
Prostate gland
- C.
Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)
- D.
Epididymis
- E.
Ductus deferens
Correct Answer
B. Prostate glandExplanation
The structure labeled "11" in Figure 25-1 is the prostate gland.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "3."
- A.
Corpora cavernosa
- B.
Prostatic urethra
- C.
Corpus spongiosum
- D.
Penile urethra
- E.
Ejaculatory duct
Correct Answer
D. Penile urethraExplanation
The structure labeled "3." in Figure 25-1 is the penile urethra.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "4."
- A.
Testis
- B.
Prostate gland
- C.
Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)
- D.
Epididymis
- E.
Ductus deferens
Correct Answer
E. Ductus deferensExplanation
The structure labeled "4." in Figure 25-1 is the ductus deferens.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "10."
- A.
Testis
- B.
Prostate gland
- C.
Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)
- D.
Epididymis
- E.
Ductus deferens
Correct Answer
C. Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)Explanation
Figure 25-1 is being used as a reference to answer the question. The structure labeled "10" in the figure is identified as the seminal gland (seminal vesicle).Rate this question:
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- 42.
Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: What is produced by the structure labeled "7"?
- A.
Seminal fluids
- B.
Spermatozoa
- C.
Testosterone
- D.
FSH
- E.
Both spermatozoa and testosterone
Correct Answer
E. Both spermatozoa and testosteroneExplanation
The structure labeled "7" in Figure 25-1 produces both spermatozoa and testosterone. This means that it is involved in the production of both male reproductive cells (spermatozoa) and the male sex hormone (testosterone).Rate this question:
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- 43.
Contraction of the cremaster muscles
- A.
Relaxes the scrotal sac.
- B.
Pulls the testes closer to the body cavity.
- C.
Propels sperm through the urethra.
- D.
Moves sperm through the ductus deferens.
- E.
Both relaxes the scrotal sac and propels sperm through the urethra.
Correct Answer
B. Pulls the testes closer to the body cavity.Explanation
The cremaster muscles are responsible for pulling the testes closer to the body cavity. This action is important for regulating the temperature of the testes, as they need to be kept slightly cooler than body temperature for proper sperm production. By pulling the testes closer to the body, the cremaster muscles help to maintain the optimal temperature for sperm production.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Contraction of the dartos muscle
- A.
Elevates the scrotal sac.
- B.
Produces an erection.
- C.
Propels sperm through the urethra.
- D.
Moves sperm through the ductus deferens.
- E.
Initiates seminal emission.
Correct Answer
A. Elevates the scrotal sac.Explanation
The contraction of the dartos muscle is responsible for elevating the scrotal sac. The dartos muscle is a layer of smooth muscle fibers found in the scrotum. When it contracts, it causes the scrotum to become tighter and elevate, bringing the testes closer to the body. This helps regulate the temperature of the testes, as they need to be slightly cooler than body temperature for proper sperm production. By elevating the scrotal sac, the dartos muscle helps maintain the optimal temperature for sperm production.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which of the following occurs after a spermatogonium completes cell division?
- A.
Mature spermatozoa enter the lumen.
- B.
Fusion of diploid nuclei occurs.
- C.
The daughter cell is directed toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.
- D.
Gamete production accelerates.
- E.
Spermiogenesis begins.
Correct Answer
C. The daughter cell is directed toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.Explanation
After a spermatogonium completes cell division, the daughter cell is directed toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. This is because spermatogenesis, the process of sperm cell development, occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The daughter cell, known as a primary spermatocyte, moves towards the lumen where it will undergo further division and differentiation to eventually become a mature spermatozoon. This directional movement ensures that the developing sperm cells are properly positioned within the tubules for their maturation process.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Interstitial cells produce
- A.
Sperm.
- B.
Inhibin.
- C.
Nutrients.
- D.
Androgens.
- E.
Androgen-binding protein.
Correct Answer
D. Androgens.Explanation
Interstitial cells are found in the testes and are responsible for producing androgens, which are male sex hormones. Androgens, such as testosterone, play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics. They are also involved in regulating sperm production, libido, and overall male fertility. Therefore, the correct answer is androgens.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Sperm production occurs in the
- A.
Ductus deferens.
- B.
Seminiferous tubules.
- C.
Epididymis.
- D.
Seminal glands (seminal vesicles).
- E.
Rete testis.
Correct Answer
B. Seminiferous tubules.Explanation
Sperm production occurs in the seminiferous tubules. These tubules are located within the testes and are responsible for the production and maturation of sperm cells. The seminiferous tubules contain specialized cells called Sertoli cells, which support and nourish the developing sperm cells. Once mature, the sperm cells are released into the epididymis, where they further develop and gain motility before being stored and eventually ejaculated during sexual intercourse. The other options listed, such as the ductus deferens, epididymis, seminal glands, and rete testis, are all involved in the transport, storage, and secretion of seminal fluid, but not in the actual production of sperm cells.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Nurse cells
- A.
Are found in the seminiferous tubules.
- B.
Form the blood-testis barrier.
- C.
Coordinate spermatogenesis.
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Nurse cells are found in the seminiferous tubules and play multiple roles. They form the blood-testis barrier, which helps protect developing sperm cells from immune attack. Nurse cells also coordinate spermatogenesis, the process of sperm cell development. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above."Rate this question:
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- 49.
Arrange the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus.
- ductus deferens
- urethra
- ejaculatory duct
- epididymis
- A.
1, 3, 4, 2
- B.
4, 3, 1, 2
- C.
4, 1, 2, 3
- D.
4, 1, 3, 2
- E.
1, 4, 3, 2
Correct Answer
D. 4, 1, 3, 2Explanation
The correct order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus is as follows: first, sperm travel from the testis to the epididymis (structure 4) where they mature and are stored. Then, they move from the epididymis to the ductus deferens (structure 1), which is a muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct (structure 3). Finally, the sperm pass through the ejaculatory duct and into the urethra (structure 2), which is the tube that carries both urine and semen out of the body.Rate this question:
- 50.
The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the
- A.
Seminal vesicles.
- B.
Prostate glands.
- C.
Preputial glands.
- D.
Bartholin glands.
- E.
Bulbo-urethral glands.
Correct Answer
E. Bulbo-urethral glands.Explanation
The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the bulbo-urethral glands. These glands, also known as Cowper's glands, are responsible for producing a lubricating fluid that helps to neutralize the acidity in the urethra and provide a suitable environment for sperm to travel through. The secretion from these glands also helps in lubricating the urethra and facilitating the passage of semen during ejaculation.Rate this question:
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