AP Human Geography Practice Exam #5

Prior to the first agricultural revolution, humans were primarily engaged in hunting and gathering for food. This means they would hunt animals for meat and gather edible plants, fruits, and nuts from their surrounding environment. This lifestyle involved constantly searching for food sources and adapting to the availability and seasonality of different resources. It was a nomadic way of life, with humans moving from one area to another in search of sustenance. This changed with the advent of agriculture, where humans began to domesticate plants and animals, leading to settled communities and the development of civilization.

Thomas Malthus was the first economist to predict a population crisis. In his 1798 essay, "An Essay on the Principle of Population," Malthus argued that population growth would eventually outpace the availability of resources, leading to famine, disease, and other hardships. He believed that population would increase exponentially, while food production would only grow linearly. Malthus' predictions sparked debates and discussions about population control and resource management, and his ideas continue to influence discussions on sustainability and the balance between population growth and resource availability.

OPEC, which stands for the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is a supranational organization established in 1960. It was created to control the trade of petroleum production by its member countries. OPEC's main objective is to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its members and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure a steady income for member countries and provide a reliable supply of oil to consumers. OPEC is composed of 13 member countries, including major oil producers such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran.

Christianity is the largest universalizing religion in the world today because it has the highest number of followers globally. With over 2 billion adherents, Christianity is spread across various regions and has a significant presence in countries like the United States, Brazil, Mexico, and many European nations. It originated from the teachings of Jesus Christ and has a strong emphasis on the belief in Jesus as the Son of God and the savior of humanity. Christianity's widespread influence and missionary efforts have contributed to its growth and establishment as the largest universalizing religion.

Nashville, Tennessee is considered the heart of contemporary country music because it is home to the country music industry and has a rich history and tradition in the genre. Nashville is known as Music City and is the center for recording studios, music publishing, and live performances. It is also home to the Grand Ole Opry, which is one of the most famous venues for country music. Many country music artists and songwriters have emerged from Nashville, making it the epicenter of the genre.

The conflict in Rwanda and Uganda in the mid 1990s was an example of an ethnic conflict. This is because the conflict primarily stemmed from deep-rooted ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi populations in Rwanda. The conflict resulted in widespread violence, including the Rwandan genocide, where an estimated 800,000 people, mostly Tutsis, were killed. The conflict was fueled by historical grievances and power struggles between the two ethnic groups, highlighting the ethnic nature of the conflict.

The delivery area of the Pittsburgh Gazette is an example of a functional region because it is defined by the newspaper's distribution network and the areas it serves. This type of region is characterized by a central point or node and the surrounding areas that are connected and dependent on that central point for a specific function or service, in this case, newspaper delivery.

Redlining is the practice of denying loans or financial services to people based on their location, particularly in specific areas of a city. This discriminatory practice often targeted minority communities, leading to economic disadvantages and perpetuating segregation. Redlining was a way to enforce racial and socioeconomic divisions, as certain neighborhoods were deemed undesirable or risky for lending purposes. It contributed to the creation and perpetuation of ghettos and limited opportunities for residents in these areas.

This scenario demonstrates an intervening opportunity. The family initially planned to move from LA to New Orleans but decided to stay in Albuquerque due to the positive amenities they found there. The presence of these favorable conditions in Albuquerque acted as an intervening opportunity, causing them to change their original plan and settle there instead.

The retired couple's move from Chicago to Arizona can be explained as an example of an environmental pull factor. Arizona's warm climate and natural beauty, such as its deserts and national parks, may have attracted the couple to relocate there for their retirement. This suggests that the environmental factors of Arizona, specifically its climate and natural attractions, were appealing and influential in their decision to move.

The correct answer is heartland theory. The heartland theory, proposed by Halford Mackinder, suggests that whoever controls the heartland of Eurasia, which includes Eastern Europe, will have the potential to dominate the world due to its vast resources and strategic location. This theory emphasizes the importance of controlling land-based power in order to achieve global dominance.

The relationship between an object on the surface of the Earth and the same object on a map projection is known as map scale. Map scale refers to the ratio between distances on a map and the corresponding distances on the Earth's surface. It helps determine the level of detail and accuracy of a map, allowing users to understand the size and distance between objects or locations on the map.

Stage 2 in the demographic transition model has the highest growth rates. In this stage, birth rates remain high while death rates start to decline due to improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition. This leads to a rapid increase in population size. Industrialization and urbanization also contribute to this growth by providing better living conditions and job opportunities.

Vietnam is not one of the Four Asian Tigers. The Four Asian Tigers refer to the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. These countries experienced rapid industrialization and high economic growth rates in the second half of the 20th century. Vietnam, although a rapidly developing country, is not included in this group.

Weber's least cost theory suggests that the location of an industry is determined by the minimization of transportation costs. This means that industries tend to locate near their source of raw materials or near their market to reduce transportation expenses. By minimizing transportation costs, companies can increase their profitability and competitiveness. Therefore, transportation is the primary cost that Weber's least cost theory is based on.

Denmark is the best example of a nation-state because it is a sovereign country with defined borders, a stable government, and a population that shares a common language, culture, and history. Denmark has a strong national identity and a sense of unity among its citizens, making it a nation-state.

The Concentric Zone Model suggests that in an urban setting, the farther a neighborhood is from the Central Business District (CBD), the greater its wealth is. This model was developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess and is based on the idea that cities grow outward from a central point in a series of concentric rings. The innermost ring, closest to the CBD, is typically the oldest and most densely populated, while the outer rings are newer and more affluent. This model helps explain the spatial distribution of wealth in urban areas.

China has created special economic zones to attract investment. These zones are designated areas within the country that offer various incentives and benefits to both domestic and foreign investors. They provide favorable policies such as tax breaks, streamlined regulations, and infrastructure support to encourage businesses to set up operations and invest in these areas. These special economic zones have been successful in attracting significant foreign direct investment and promoting economic growth in China.

According to acculturation, it takes an average of three generations for an immigrant family to lose its primary language. This means that by the third generation, the primary language of the immigrant family is no longer spoken or known by the majority of family members. This process occurs as subsequent generations become more integrated into the new culture and adopt the language of the host country as their primary means of communication.

Islam is the fastest growing religion among the world's five primary religions. This can be attributed to several factors such as high birth rates among Muslim populations, conversions to Islam, and the spread of Islam through missionary work and migration. Additionally, Islam's strong sense of community and its ability to adapt to different cultures and environments have also contributed to its growth.

The correct answer is maquiladoras. Maquiladoras are factories located in Mexico near the US border, where foreign companies can import materials duty-free, assemble or manufacture products, and then re-export them. The signing of NAFTA allowed for the establishment of maquiladoras, leading to an increase in their number. This has resulted in the growth of transnational corporations and footloose industries, as well as international migration in North America, as people seek employment opportunities in these maquiladoras.

Johann Heinrich von Thunen's model of agricultural land use is centered on the concept that farmers sell all of their farm production to a market. This means that the location of agricultural activities is determined by the proximity to the market, as farmers need to transport their goods to the market to sell them. The model suggests that the intensity of land use decreases as the distance from the market increases, as transportation costs and perishability of goods become more significant factors. This concept helps explain the spatial patterns of agricultural land use and the organization of farming activities.

The correct answer is the U.S. The U.S. has the largest coal reserves in the world. This is due to the country's historical reliance on coal as a major source of energy. The U.S. has vast coal deposits located in various regions, including the Appalachian and Powder River basins. These reserves have contributed to the country's position as a leading coal producer and exporter. Despite efforts to shift towards cleaner energy sources, coal continues to play a significant role in the U.S. energy mix.

The long lots system is a type of survey pattern that was initiated by the French in the U.S. and is still evident in the Louisiana region today. This system involves dividing land into long, narrow lots that extend back from a river or road. It was a practical way to ensure that each landowner had access to water transportation and fertile land. This pattern is still visible in the Louisiana region, where many properties are long and narrow, with their frontage along a river or road.

The correct answer is the movement toward industrial farming. This transition refers to the shift from traditional farming methods to more mechanized and intensive agricultural practices. Industrial farming involves the use of advanced machinery, technology, and large-scale production techniques to maximize yields and efficiency. This transition has been driven by factors such as population growth, increasing demand for food, and the need for higher productivity in agriculture.

Edge cities are typically characterized by the presence of multiple business and commercial centers located outside of the traditional central business district (CBD). These centers are usually connected by transportation networks and are self-sufficient in terms of providing employment, shopping, and entertainment opportunities. The multiple nuclei model of urban development best explains the concept of edge cities as it suggests that cities can have multiple centers of growth and activity, rather than a single central core. This model recognizes the decentralization of economic activities and the emergence of new growth nodes on the periphery of urban areas.