AP Bio Outline Quiz Ch 31

The term "dikaryotic" is derived from the Greek root words "di" meaning two and "karyon" meaning nucleus. Therefore, "dikaryotic" refers to a state in which a cell or organism contains two separate nuclei. This term is commonly used in biology to describe certain fungi and algae that have a unique reproductive structure consisting of two genetically distinct nuclei within a single cell.

The statement is true because the part of a mushroom that we commonly eat is the fruiting body, also known as the mushroom cap. This structure is responsible for producing and dispersing the mushroom's spores, which are its reproductive cells. The rest of the mushroom, including the mycelium that grows underground or within the substrate, serves to support and nourish the fruiting body.

The difference between septate hyphae and nonseptate hyphae is determined by whether the hyphae have cross walls or lack cross walls. Septate hyphae have cross walls that divide the hyphae into compartments, while nonseptate hyphae lack these cross walls and are continuous tubes. This difference in structure has implications for the function and behavior of the hyphae, as well as the organisms that possess them.

An ascospore is a sexual spore produced by a sac fungus. Sac fungi, also known as ascomycetes, reproduce sexually by forming specialized structures called asci. Within these asci, meiosis occurs, resulting in the formation of ascospores. These spores are then released and can germinate to form new fungal colonies. The other options listed are not specific to sexual spores produced by sac fungi. Mycelium refers to the vegetative part of a fungus, conidium is an asexual spore, basidiospore is produced by basidiomycetes, and hypha is a filamentous structure of a fungus.

A hypha is the correct answer because it refers to an individual filament of a fungus that contains an elongated mass of cytoplasm. Hyphae are the building blocks of a mycelium, which is a network of hyphae that forms the body of a fungus. Conidium, ascospore, and basidiospore are all types of spores produced by fungi, but they do not specifically refer to an individual filament with cytoplasm.

The statement suggests that fungi were the first type of eukaryotic cells to evolve, but the correct answer is false. While fungi are one of the earliest forms of eukaryotic life, they were not the first. The earliest eukaryotic cells are believed to have evolved around 1.6 billion years ago, while fungi are estimated to have appeared around 1 billion years ago. Therefore, other types of eukaryotic cells predate fungi in terms of evolution.

A mushroom would produce a sexual spore known as a basidiospore. Basidiospores are produced by the basidia, which are specialized structures found on the gills of a mushroom. These spores are involved in the sexual reproduction of mushrooms, as they are released into the environment and can germinate to form new mycelia. The other options listed are not specific to mushrooms or sexual spores, making them incorrect.

Crustose, fruticose, and foliose are different growth forms of lichens. Lichens are symbiotic organisms formed by the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium. Crustose lichens have a crust-like appearance, fruticose lichens have a shrubby or bushy form, and foliose lichens have a leaf-like structure. Therefore, the correct answer is lichens.

The correct answer is "separately from several Protista groups." This suggests that the major groups of fungi evolved independently from different groups of Protista. This explanation implies that the different major groups of fungi did not evolve from a common ancestor, but rather from separate lineages within the Protista kingdom.

Asexual spores produced by sac fungi or club fungi are called conidia. Conidia are small, single-celled spores that are typically formed at the tips or sides of specialized hyphae called conidiophores. They are responsible for the dispersal and propagation of these fungi. Mycelium refers to the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of hyphae. Ascospores and basidiospores, on the other hand, are sexual spores produced by ascomycetes and basidiomycetes respectively.