AP Bio Ch 28 Outline Quiz, Classification

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the fossil record is indeed usually derived from sedimentary rocks that were formed millions of years ago. Sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sediment that accumulate over time, and fossils are often found within these layers. The process of fossilization takes a long time, and the fossils that are preserved in sedimentary rocks provide valuable evidence of past life forms and the history of the Earth. Therefore, it is true that the fossil record is usually derived from sedimentary rocks laid down millions of years ago.

The phylum is at the top of the classification hierarchy because it includes all the other categories mentioned in the question (order, genus, class, family). In biological classification, the hierarchy starts with the broadest category, which is the kingdom, and then narrows down to phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Therefore, phylum is the correct answer as it encompasses all the other categories listed.

All of the above are correct. The scientific name of an organism consists of two parts: the genus and the species. In this case, the genus is Heraclides and the species is cresphontes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the giant swallowtail belongs to the genus Heraclides, it belongs to the species cresphontes, and the specific epithet is cresphontes.

The use of a molecular clock depends on nucleic acid changes being neutral and not tied to adaptation. This means that the changes in nucleic acids should occur randomly and not be influenced by natural selection. Additionally, nucleic acid changes should occur at a fairly constant rate, allowing scientists to estimate the time of divergence between species. However, in order to accurately use the molecular clock, it still needs to be calibrated with the fossil record, which provides a timeline of evolutionary events. Therefore, all of the statements given are correct in relation to the use of a molecular clock.

A phylogeny based on the natural evolution of organisms can explain the variations among fossils from rock strata because it shows the evolutionary relationships between different species over time, allowing us to understand how and why certain species may have changed or gone extinct. It can also explain why there are similarities and differences among modern living groups because it shows their common ancestry and the branching points where they diverged. Additionally, a phylogeny can reflect patterns of shared and unique sections of DNA among groups of animals, as DNA sequences can be used to construct phylogenetic trees. Lastly, it can help predict where unresearched features will be in common, such as the effectiveness of a medicine among animals, by identifying shared characteristics among related species.

Parallel evolution refers to the phenomenon where two different lineages develop the same trait independently, without the trait being present in a common ancestor. This means that the trait evolves separately in each lineage due to similar selective pressures or environmental factors. It is different from convergent evolution, where two unrelated organisms develop similar traits due to similar environmental conditions. The other options mentioned in the question, such as any two organisms with the same trait or two organisms sharing the same trait because of a common ancestor, do not accurately describe parallel evolution.

Fungi is the correct answer because organisms in the kingdom Fungi are characterized by being saprotrophic. Saprotrophic organisms obtain their nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter. Fungi play a crucial role in the ecosystem by breaking down dead organisms and recycling nutrients back into the environment. They secrete enzymes that break down complex organic molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the fungi. This process is essential for nutrient cycling and the overall health of ecosystems.

Analogous structures are structures that have similar functions but are not derived from a common ancestor. The wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly are both used for flying, but they have evolved independently and are not closely related. Therefore, they best represent analogous structures. The other options either represent homologous structures (derived from a common ancestor) or structures with different functions.

The correct answer describes the evolution of organisms in the five kingdoms in the most accurate sequence. It states that the evolution starts with Monera, then progresses to Protists. From Protists, it branches out separately to Fungi, Plants, and Animals. This sequence aligns with the current understanding of the evolutionary relationships between these kingdoms and their common ancestors.

A primitive character is one that is present in the common ancestor and all members of a group. This means that the characteristic existed in the ancestor and has been inherited by all the descendants. It is a basic and fundamental trait that has not changed over time in the group.