Anatomy Test Part 2

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Interoceptors are found in
- Blood vessels
- Visceral organs
- Muscles
- All of these choices
- None of these choices

About This Quiz

Anatomy Test part 2 explores the structural aspects of muscle physiology, focusing on connective tissues, neuromuscular junctions, and muscle cell excitation. It assesses understanding of muscle anatomy and function, critical for students in medical and biological sciences.

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2.

Proprioception means awareness of
- Visual acuity
- Body temperature
- Color vision
- Body position
- Pain
Correct Answer

A. Body position

Explanation

Proprioception refers to the ability to sense and perceive the position and movement of our body parts without relying on vision. It is our internal sense that allows us to have awareness of where our body is in space and how it is oriented. This sense helps us maintain balance, coordinate movements, and perform tasks without constantly looking at our body. Therefore, the correct answer is body position.

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3.

Which of the below responses is NOT caused by the parasympathetic division.
- Decreased heart rate
- Airway dilation
- Decreased pupil diameter
- Increased secretion of digestive juices
- Increased gastric motility
Correct Answer

A. Airway dilation

Explanation

Airway dilation is NOT caused by the parasympathetic division. The parasympathetic division is responsible for rest and digestion, and it generally promotes activities that conserve and restore energy. It tends to slow down heart rate, constrict the pupils, and promote digestion by increasing the secretion of digestive juices and gastric motility. However, the dilation of the airways is primarily controlled by the sympathetic division, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and generally promotes activities that require energy expenditure.

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4.

The peripheral nervous system can be divided into:
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
- Enteric nervous system
- All of these choices
Correct Answer

A. All of these choices

Explanation

The peripheral nervous system refers to the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. It can be divided into three main divisions: the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and sensory information; the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion; and the enteric nervous system, which controls the gastrointestinal system. Therefore, all of these choices are correct divisions of the peripheral nervous system.

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5.

The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into:
- Somatic and sympathetic divisions.
- Somatic and parasympathetic divisions.
- Enteric and somatic divisions.
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
- Voluntary and involuntary divisions.
Correct Answer

A. Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Explanation

The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response, activating processes that increase heart rate, dilate blood vessels, and release stress hormones. On the other hand, the parasympathetic division is responsible for the body's rest-and-digest response, promoting processes such as digestion, slowing heart rate, and conserving energy. These two divisions work in opposition to maintain homeostasis in the body.

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6.

The brain and spinal cord develop from ______ arranged in a tubular structure called the neural tube.
- Mesodermal
- Endodermal
- Ectodermal
- Cranial
- Caudal
Correct Answer

A. Ectodermal

Explanation

The brain and spinal cord develop from ectodermal cells arranged in a tubular structure called the neural tube. The ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the early embryo, and it gives rise to various structures including the nervous system. The neural tube is formed during embryonic development and eventually differentiates into the brain and spinal cord. Therefore, the correct answer is ectodermal.

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7.

These are fingerlike projections that reabsorb CSF.
- Choroid plexuses
- Microvilli
- Arachnoid villi
- Dural villi
- Lemnisci
Correct Answer

A. Arachnoid villi

Explanation

Arachnoid villi are fingerlike projections that are responsible for reabsorbing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and nourishment. The arachnoid villi are located in the arachnoid mater, one of the three layers of the meninges that protect the central nervous system. These villi extend into the dural venous sinuses, which are large veins that drain blood from the brain. By reabsorbing CSF into the bloodstream, the arachnoid villi help maintain the balance of fluid in the brain and spinal cord.

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8.

Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expression?
- Oculomotor
- Trigeminal
- Spinal accessory
- Facial
- Vagus
Correct Answer

A. Facial

Explanation

The facial nerve is responsible for facial expression. It innervates the muscles of facial expression, allowing for movements such as smiling, frowning, and raising the eyebrows. It also plays a role in other functions such as taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and secretion of saliva and tears.

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9.

This conducts impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side.
- First order neuron
- Second order neuron
- Third order neuron
- Fourth order neuron
- Higher order neuron
Correct Answer

A. Third order neuron

Explanation

A third order neuron is responsible for conducting impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side. This means that it is the third neuron in a series of neurons that relay sensory information from the body to the brain. The first order neuron carries the sensory information from the body to the spinal cord or brainstem, the second order neuron carries the information from the spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus, and finally, the third order neuron carries the information from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side.

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10.

Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in
- Blood shot eyes
- Inhibition of tear production
- A sty
- Glaucoma
- Blindness
Correct Answer

A. A sty

Explanation

A sty is a common eye infection that occurs when a sebaceous ciliary gland becomes infected. It is characterized by a red, swollen bump on the eyelid. This infection can cause discomfort, pain, and tenderness in the affected area. It does not directly cause bloodshot eyes, inhibition of tear production, glaucoma, or blindness, which are unrelated conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is a sty.

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11.

How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving the eye?
- 10
- 12
- 6
- 4
- 20
Correct Answer

A. 6

Explanation

There are six extrinsic eye muscles responsible for moving the eye. These muscles include the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, and inferior oblique muscles. Each muscle has a specific function in controlling the movement of the eye in different directions.

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12.

The main function of this structure is to regulate the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil.
- Retina
- Cornea
- Iris
- Choroid
- Ciliary muscle
Correct Answer

A. Iris

Explanation

The iris is responsible for regulating the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil. It is a colored, ring-shaped structure located between the cornea and the lens. The iris contains muscles that can contract or relax, thereby adjusting the size of the pupil. In bright light, the iris constricts the pupil, reducing the amount of light entering the eye. In dim light, the iris dilates the pupil, allowing more light to enter. This mechanism helps to protect the sensitive retina at the back of the eye and ensures optimal vision in different lighting conditions.

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13.

This darkly pigmented structure reduces light reflection within the eyeball.
- Sclera
- Conjunctiva
- Iris
- Choroid
- Retina
Correct Answer

A. Choroid

Explanation

The choroid is a darkly pigmented structure located between the retina and the sclera in the eyeball. It contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the retina. The dark pigment of the choroid helps to absorb excess light entering the eye, preventing it from reflecting back out and causing visual disturbances. This reduces light reflection within the eyeball and allows for clearer vision.

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14.

Which of the below receptors is primarily used during high light situations?
- Olfactory hair cells
- Rods
- Cones
- Ganglion neurons
- Amacrine cells
Correct Answer

A. Cones

Explanation

Cones are the photoreceptor cells in the retina that are primarily responsible for color vision and visual acuity. They are most active in bright light conditions and are less sensitive to low levels of light compared to rods. Therefore, during high light situations, cones are the receptors that are primarily used for vision.

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15.

For every nerve that penetrates a skeletal muscle there are general how many arteries and veins?
- One artery and one or two veins
- Two arteries and two veins
- Three arteries and two veins
- One artery and three veins
- One artery and a varied amount of veins
Correct Answer

A. One artery and one or two veins

Explanation

For every nerve that penetrates a skeletal muscle, there is generally one artery and one or two veins. This means that the muscle receives a single artery to supply it with oxygenated blood and one or two veins to carry away deoxygenated blood and waste products.

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16.

The sequence that muscle action potentials must go through to excite a muscle cell
- Sarcolemma, axon of neuron, T tubules
- T tubules, sarcolemma, myofilament
- Muscle fiber, axon of neuron, myofibrils
- Axon of neuron, sarcolemma, T tubules
- Myofibrils, myofilaments, mitochondria
Correct Answer

A. Axon of neuron, sarcolemma, T tubules
17.

Myofibrils contain
- Contractile proteins.
- Regulatory proteins.
- Structural proteins.
- All of these answers are correct.
- None of these answers are correct.
Correct Answer

A. All of these answers are correct.

Explanation

The correct answer is all of these answers are correct. Myofibrils are composed of various proteins that perform different functions. Contractile proteins, such as actin and myosin, are responsible for the actual contraction of the muscle. Regulatory proteins, such as troponin and tropomyosin, regulate the interaction between actin and myosin. Structural proteins, such as titin and dystrophin, provide support and stability to the myofibrils. Therefore, all of these proteins are present in myofibrils, making all the given answers correct.

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18.

This is the site of protein synthesis in a neuron.
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus
- Nissl body
- Golgi apparatus
- Nucleolus
Correct Answer

A. Nissl body

Explanation

The Nissl body, also known as Nissl substance or Nissl granules, is a specialized region within the neuron's cell body where protein synthesis takes place. It is composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ribosomes, which are responsible for synthesizing proteins needed for the neuron's function and structure. The Nissl body is particularly abundant in neurons that have high protein synthesis requirements, such as those involved in transmitting electrical signals. Therefore, it is the site of protein synthesis in a neuron.

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19.

This contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neruoglia.
- Gray matter
- White matter
- Nissl bodies
- Ganglia
- Nuclei
Correct Answer

A. Gray matter

Explanation

Gray matter refers to the regions of the central nervous system that contain neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia. It appears gray because it lacks myelin, a fatty substance that gives white matter its color. Gray matter is responsible for processing and integrating information in the brain, while white matter is responsible for transmitting signals between different areas of gray matter. Nissl bodies are structures found in the cell bodies of neurons, ganglia are clusters of cell bodies outside the central nervous system, and nuclei are collections of cell bodies within the central nervous system.

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20.

This consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus.
- Cerebellum
- Brain stem
- Cerebrum
- Diencephalon
- Dura mater
Correct Answer

A. Diencephalon

Explanation

The correct answer is Diencephalon. The diencephalon is a part of the brain that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. These structures play important roles in regulating various bodily functions, including sensory perception, sleep, appetite, and hormone production. The diencephalon also serves as a relay station for sensory information between different parts of the brain.

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21.

Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for speech.
- Broca’s area
- Primary gustatory area
- Common integrative area
- Prefrontal cortex area
- Primary somatosensory area
Correct Answer

A. Broca’s area

Explanation

Broca's area is the correct answer because it is the functional area of the cerebrum that is responsible for speech. This area is located in the frontal lobe of the brain, specifically in the left hemisphere for right-handed individuals. Damage to Broca's area can result in a condition known as Broca's aphasia, where individuals have difficulty producing coherent speech while still being able to understand language.

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22.

Smooth muscle tone is due to the prolonged presence of what in the cytosol?
- ATP
- Calcium ions
- Phosphate ions
- Myoglobin
- None of these choices.
Correct Answer

A. Calcium ions

Explanation

Smooth muscle tone is maintained by the prolonged presence of calcium ions in the cytosol. Calcium ions play a crucial role in smooth muscle contraction by binding to specific proteins called calmodulin, which activates myosin light chain kinase. This enzyme then phosphorylates myosin, initiating the contraction process. Therefore, the correct answer is calcium ions.

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23.

This has the property of electrical excitability.
- Muscle cells
- Neurons
- All of these choices
- None of these choices
Correct Answer

A. All of these choices

Explanation

All of these choices have the property of electrical excitability. Muscle cells and neurons are both types of cells that are capable of generating and conducting electrical signals. Muscle cells are responsible for contraction and movement, and neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical signals in the nervous system. Therefore, both muscle cells and neurons exhibit electrical excitability. Since the answer states "all of these choices," it implies that both muscle cells and neurons possess this property, making it the correct answer.

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24.

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:
- +5 to 100 mV
- –25 to –70 mV
- –40 to –90 mV
- –90 to 5 mV
- None of these choices
Correct Answer

A. –40 to –90 mV

Explanation

The resting membrane potential in neurons refers to the electrical charge difference across the cell membrane when the neuron is not actively sending a signal. This potential typically ranges from -40 to -90 mV. This negative potential is maintained by the balance of ions inside and outside the cell, with higher concentrations of sodium ions outside and higher concentrations of potassium ions inside. This potential is important for the neuron's ability to generate and transmit electrical signals.

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25.

A depolarizing graded potential
- Makes the membrane more polarized.
- Makes the membrane less polarized
- Is considered a type of action potential.
- Is the last part of an action potential.
- Is seen when the cell approaches threshold.
Correct Answer

A. Makes the membrane less polarized

Explanation

A depolarizing graded potential refers to a change in the membrane potential that makes it less polarized. This means that the potential becomes less negative, bringing it closer to zero or even becoming positive. This change in membrane potential occurs when the cell receives excitatory signals, causing the opening of ion channels that allow positive ions to enter the cell. As a result, the membrane becomes less polarized and more likely to reach the threshold for generating an action potential.

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26.

During the resting state of a voltage gated Na+ channel 1. the inactivation gate is open. 2. the activation gate is closed. 3. the channel is permeable to Na+.
- 1 only
- 2 only
- 3 only
- Both 1 and 2 are true.
- All of these choices are true.
Correct Answer

A. Both 1 and 2 are true.

Explanation

During the resting state of a voltage gated Na+ channel, both the inactivation gate is open and the activation gate is closed. This means that the channel is not allowing the flow of Na+ ions through it. The inactivation gate being open indicates that the channel is ready to be activated, while the closed activation gate prevents the flow of ions until the channel is properly stimulated. Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are true during the resting state of a voltage gated Na+ channel.

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27.

Which of the following terms describes synapses?
- Axodendritic
- Axosomatic
- Axoaxonic
- None of these choices
- All of these choices
Correct Answer

A. All of these choices

Explanation

The correct answer is "All of these choices." This is because synapses can occur between an axon and a dendrite (axodendritic), between an axon and a cell body (axosomatic), or between two axons (axoaxonic). Therefore, all of these terms accurately describe synapses.

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28.

Where does summation occur?
- In the synaptic cleft
- In the dendrites
- At the trigger zone
- In the neuron nucleus.
- In the neuroplasm.
Correct Answer

A. At the trigger zone

Explanation

Summation refers to the process of adding up the electrical signals received by a neuron. It occurs at the trigger zone, which is the region of the neuron where the axon connects to the cell body. This is where the incoming signals from the dendrites are integrated and if the combined signal exceeds a certain threshold, an action potential is generated and transmitted down the axon. Summation does not occur in the synaptic cleft, dendrites, neuron nucleus, or neuroplasm.

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29.

Which of the following is not considered a small molecule neurotransmitter?
- Acetylcholine
- Biogenic amines
- Purines
- Endorphins
- Serotonin
Correct Answer

A. Endorphins

Explanation

Endorphins are not considered a small molecule neurotransmitter because they are classified as neuropeptides. Unlike small molecule neurotransmitters, which are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the presynaptic neuron and stored in vesicles, endorphins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and stored in secretory granules. Endorphins are larger molecules composed of amino acids and are released in response to certain stimuli, such as pain or stress, to modulate the perception of pain and produce feelings of pleasure or euphoria.

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30.

Which of the three spinal meninges is the most superficial?
- Arachnoid mater
- Dura mater
- Meninx mater
- Pia mater
- Epi mater
Correct Answer

A. Dura mater

Explanation

The dura mater is the most superficial of the three spinal meninges. It is the tough and fibrous outermost layer that surrounds and protects the spinal cord. The arachnoid mater and pia mater are located deeper within the spinal meninges.

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31.

During a somatic spinal reflex, when one effector muscle is stimulated and the opposing muscle is inhibited, this type of innervation is called
- Reversal
- Relaxed
- Representative
- Reciprocal
- Relegated
Correct Answer

A. Reciprocal

Explanation

During a somatic spinal reflex, reciprocal innervation occurs when one effector muscle is stimulated and the opposing muscle is inhibited. This means that the nervous system sends signals to both muscles simultaneously, causing one to contract while the other relaxes. This reciprocal innervation allows for coordinated movement and ensures that the opposing muscles work in harmony to produce the desired action.

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32.

This is a narrow cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus.
- Lateral ventricle
- Septum pellucidum
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
- Fifth ventricle
Correct Answer

A. Third ventricle

Explanation

The third ventricle is a narrow cavity located along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus. It is one of the interconnected fluid-filled cavities within the brain that helps in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. The third ventricle plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain by regulating the flow of fluid and exchanging nutrients and waste products.

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33.

Which of the following is a way that cerebral spinal fluid contributes to homeostasis? 1. Mechanical protection 2. pH homeostasis 3. Circulation
- 1 only
- 2 only
- 3 only
- Both 1 and 2
- All of these choices
Correct Answer

A. All of these choices

Explanation

Cerebral spinal fluid contributes to homeostasis in multiple ways. Firstly, it provides mechanical protection by acting as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, preventing them from being damaged by impact or sudden movements. Secondly, it helps in maintaining pH homeostasis by regulating the acid-base balance in the central nervous system. Lastly, it aids in the circulation of nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the brain and spinal cord, ensuring a constant supply of essential substances and removing metabolic waste. Therefore, all of the given choices (1, 2, and 3) are correct.

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34.

These are networks of capillaries in the walls of the ventricles.
- Choroid plexuses
- Lateral apertures
- Interventricular foramina
- Brachial plexuses
- Aqueduct of the midbrain
Correct Answer

A. Choroid plexuses

Explanation

Choroid plexuses are networks of capillaries in the walls of the ventricles. These structures are responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is essential for protecting and nourishing the brain and spinal cord. CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses through the filtration of blood plasma. It then circulates through the ventricles and the subarachnoid space, providing a cushioning effect and removing waste products from the brain. Therefore, the correct answer is Choroid plexuses.

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35.

This structure is responsible for secondary control of respiration.
- Spinal cord
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Thalamus
- Cerebellum
Correct Answer

A. Pons

Explanation

The pons is responsible for secondary control of respiration. It is located in the brainstem and plays a crucial role in regulating the rate and depth of breathing. The pons contains respiratory centers that receive input from various sources, including the brainstem and higher brain regions. These centers help coordinate the muscles involved in breathing, ensuring a smooth and efficient respiratory process. Therefore, the pons is the correct answer as it is directly involved in the secondary control of respiration.

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36.

This area contains neurons that release dopamine.
- Substantia nigra
- Inferior olivary nucleus
- Inferior colliculus
- Cerebral peduncle
- Apneustic area
Correct Answer

A. Substantia nigra

Explanation

The substantia nigra is a region in the brain that contains neurons responsible for the release of dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in movement control, reward, and motivation. Dysfunction of the substantia nigra and the resulting decrease in dopamine production is associated with Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors and rigidity. Therefore, the substantia nigra is the correct answer as it is specifically known for its dopamine-releasing neurons.

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37.

Which of the following is not a major nuclei found in the thalamus?
- Anterior nucleus
- Medial nucleus
- Red nucleus
- Reticular nucleus
- Lateral geniculate nucleus
Correct Answer

A. Red nucleus

Explanation

The red nucleus is not a major nucleus found in the thalamus. The thalamus is a structure in the brain that acts as a relay station for sensory information. It contains several major nuclei, including the anterior nucleus, medial nucleus, reticular nucleus, and lateral geniculate nucleus. However, the red nucleus is not located within the thalamus. It is a structure found in the midbrain that is involved in motor coordination and control.

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38.

Gyri are made because
- The white matter enlarges faster than the overlying gray matter
- The cerebrum grows faster than the dura mater
- The hypothalamus is larger than the epithalamus
- The gray matter grows faster than the underlying white matter
- The lobes of the cerebrum are not symmetrical
Correct Answer

A. The gray matter grows faster than the underlying white matter

Explanation

The gyri are the ridges or folds on the surface of the brain. The explanation for the given correct answer is that the gray matter, which consists of the cell bodies of neurons, grows faster than the underlying white matter, which consists of the axons or nerve fibers. This differential growth causes the gray matter to fold and form gyri, increasing the surface area of the brain within the limited space of the skull. This increased surface area allows for more neurons and connections, enhancing the brain's processing capabilities.

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39.

Which of the following cranial nerves carries sensory information to the olfactory area?
- Cranial nerve I
- Cranial nerve V
- Cranial nerve VI
- Cranial nerve VIII
- Cranial nerve X
Correct Answer

A. Cranial nerve I

Explanation

Cranial nerve I, also known as the olfactory nerve, is responsible for carrying sensory information to the olfactory area. This nerve is responsible for our sense of smell and is located in the nasal cavity. It transmits signals from the olfactory receptors to the brain, allowing us to perceive and identify different smells.

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40.

Which nerves move the eyeball?
- II, III and IV
- I, V and X
- III, IX and V
- III, IV and VI
- X, XI and XII
Correct Answer

A. III, IV and VI

Explanation

The correct answer is III, IV and VI. Nerves III, IV, and VI are responsible for moving the eyeball. Cranial nerve III, also known as the oculomotor nerve, controls the movement of most of the eye muscles. Cranial nerve IV, also known as the trochlear nerve, controls the superior oblique muscle, which helps move the eye downward and outward. Cranial nerve VI, also known as the abducens nerve, controls the lateral rectus muscle, which moves the eye outward. Together, these three nerves work to coordinate the movement of the eyeball in different directions.

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41.

Which cranial nerve is responsible for regulating visceral activity?
- Oculomotor
- Trigeminal
- Spinal accessory
- Facial
- Vagus
Correct Answer

A. Vagus

Explanation

The vagus nerve, also known as cranial nerve X, is responsible for regulating visceral activity. It controls the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for rest and digest functions. The vagus nerve innervates organs such as the heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines, helping to regulate their activity and maintain homeostasis in the body.

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42.

These are found in the articular capsules of synovial joints.
- Tendon organs
- Gamma motor neurons
- Muscle spindles
- Kinesthetic receptors
- Tactile receptors
Correct Answer

A. Kinesthetic receptors

Explanation

Kinesthetic receptors are sensory receptors found in the articular capsules of synovial joints. These receptors provide information about the position and movement of our body parts. They play a crucial role in proprioception, which is our ability to sense the position and movement of our body in space. By detecting changes in muscle length and tension, kinesthetic receptors help us maintain balance, coordination, and perform precise movements. They are essential for activities such as walking, dancing, and playing sports.

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43.

What energizes the myosin head?
- The actin filaments
- Calcium ions
- Potassium ions
- ATP hydrolysis reaction
- ADP synthesis
Correct Answer

A. ATP hydrolysis reaction

Explanation

The myosin head is energized by the ATP hydrolysis reaction. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is a molecule that stores and releases energy in cells. In the presence of ATP, the myosin head binds to actin filaments and undergoes a conformational change, allowing it to pull the actin and generate muscle contraction. During this process, ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy that is used to power the movement of the myosin head. Therefore, the ATP hydrolysis reaction is responsible for energizing the myosin head.

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44.

Which of the following are classified as cholinergic receptors?
- Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors
- Muscarinic and somatic receptors
- Adrenergic and somatic receptors
- Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
- Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors
Correct Answer

A. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Explanation

Cholinergic receptors are a type of receptor that bind to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are both examples of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and are involved in muscle contraction and the release of other neurotransmitters. Muscarinic receptors are primarily found in the peripheral nervous system and are involved in various autonomic functions. Therefore, the correct answer is Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

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45.

These cells provide for the sense of taste.
- Olfactory hair cells
- Pacinian corpuscles
- Basal stem cells
- Hair cells
- Gustatory cells
Correct Answer

A. Gustatory cells

Explanation

Gustatory cells are the cells responsible for the sense of taste. They are located in taste buds on the tongue and other parts of the oral cavity. These cells have specialized receptors that detect different taste sensations such as sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. When food or drink comes into contact with the taste buds, the gustatory cells send signals to the brain, allowing us to perceive and differentiate flavors. Therefore, gustatory cells are crucial in the process of tasting and experiencing different tastes.

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46.

The first step in visual transduction is
- Activation of amacrine cells
- Absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium
- Interruption of the dark current
- Absorption of light by photopigments
- Generation of action potentials in the optic nerve
Correct Answer

A. Absorption of light by photopigments

Explanation

The correct answer is absorption of light by photopigments. Visual transduction is the process by which light is converted into electrical signals in the retina. Photopigments, such as rhodopsin, are located in the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina. When light enters the eye and reaches the photoreceptor cells, it is absorbed by the photopigments, causing a chemical change in the pigments. This chemical change triggers a series of events that ultimately leads to the generation of electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve for visual perception.

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47.

Binocular vision
- Gives better depth perception
- Provides more accurate color vision
- Is only seen in humans
- Occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects
- Is all of these choices
Correct Answer

A. Gives better depth perception

Explanation

Binocular vision gives better depth perception because it allows for the combination of two slightly different images from each eye, which the brain then processes to create a three-dimensional perception of the world. This depth perception helps in accurately judging distances and spatial relationships between objects.

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48.

Which of the below structures converts vibrations to action potentials?
- Macula
- Pinna
- Tympanic membrane
- Organ of Corti
- Cupula
Correct Answer

A. Organ of Corti

Explanation

The organ of Corti is responsible for converting vibrations into action potentials. It is located in the cochlea of the inner ear and contains specialized hair cells that are stimulated by sound waves. These hair cells convert the mechanical vibrations of sound into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve. The macula, pinna, tympanic membrane, and cupula are not directly involved in this process.

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49.

Which of the below structures carries action potentials caused by sound transduction?
- Vagus nerve
- Basilar membrane
- Tympanic membrane
- Organ of Corti
- Vestibulocochlear nerve
Correct Answer

A. Vestibulocochlear nerve

Explanation

The vestibulocochlear nerve carries action potentials caused by sound transduction. This nerve is responsible for transmitting auditory information from the cochlea to the brain. It is connected to the organ of Corti, which is the main structure involved in sound transduction in the inner ear. The vagus nerve, basilar membrane, and tympanic membrane are not directly involved in carrying action potentials caused by sound transduction.

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