Let's Play Anatomy & Physiology II - Ch. Quiz16

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1. The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.

Explanation

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the endocrine system in many ways. Both systems play crucial roles in regulating and coordinating various bodily functions. They communicate through chemical signals, with the nervous system using neurotransmitters and the endocrine system using hormones. Both systems work together to maintain homeostasis, respond to stimuli, and coordinate the activities of different organs and tissues in the body. Therefore, the parallel between the nervous and endocrine systems allows for efficient communication and control throughout the body.

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The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function. Take the quiz below and see how much you understood in chapter 16 in the anatomy and physiology classes. All the best as you do.

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2. Thyroid hormone contains the element

Explanation

Thyroid hormone is primarily made up of iodine. Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, namely thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play a crucial role in regulating various metabolic processes in the body, including growth, development, and energy production. Therefore, the correct answer is iodine.

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3. In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus,

Explanation

In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, the body is unable to properly regulate blood glucose levels. As a result, blood glucose levels become very high. This high level of glucose in the blood leads to excessive thirst as the body tries to eliminate the excess glucose through increased urine production. Glucose is then present in the urine in large amounts, causing a condition known as glucosuria. This excessive urine production also leads to a large excretion of urine. Therefore, all of the above statements are true in persons with untreated diabetes mellitus.

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4. If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

Explanation

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, their blood sugar levels would drop significantly, leading to low blood sugar or hypoglycemia. To correct this, the patient would need to inject glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. This helps to counteract the effects of excess insulin and restore blood sugar to a normal range. GHIH, thyroid hormone, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone are not involved in regulating blood sugar levels and would not be effective in correcting hypoglycemia caused by excess insulin.

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5. The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.

Explanation

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and an endocrine organ. The hypothalamus is a small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including hormone production and secretion. It produces and releases several hormones that control the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which is considered the master gland of the endocrine system. Therefore, the hypothalamus acts as an endocrine organ by producing and releasing hormones that regulate the endocrine system's functioning.

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6. Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions: A deficiency of which hormone can lead to excessive water loss?

Explanation

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7. Melatonin is produced by the

Explanation

Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is primarily produced by the pineal gland. The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland located in the brain, specifically in the epithalamus. It receives signals from the retina regarding light levels, and in response, it secretes melatonin, which helps regulate the body's internal clock. The other options, such as the thymus, kidneys, skin, and heart, do not play a significant role in melatonin production. Therefore, the correct answer is the pineal gland.

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8. The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

Explanation

ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, is the pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss. It is released in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolality, and acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, reducing the amount of water lost in urine.

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9. Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include

Explanation

The correct answer is "all of the above" because hormones can indeed be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. Peptides, steroids, eicosanoids, and amino acid derivatives are all different categories of hormones. Peptides are made up of amino acids, steroids are derived from cholesterol, eicosanoids are derived from fatty acids, and amino acid derivatives are derived from amino acids. Therefore, all of these categories are valid classifications for hormones based on their chemistry.

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10. Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect

Explanation

Hormonal actions on cells can affect quantities, activities, and synthesis of enzymes. Additionally, hormones can also regulate the gating of ion channels. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as hormonal actions can have an impact on all these aspects.

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11. Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?

Explanation

Hormone release can be influenced by multiple factors. The blood level of an ion, such as potassium, can impact hormone release. Similarly, the blood level of glucose can also affect hormone release. Additionally, the blood level of a hormone itself can regulate its own release through a feedback mechanism. Furthermore, hormone release can be controlled by nervous stimuli, as the nervous system plays a crucial role in regulating hormone secretion. Therefore, all of the above factors can control hormone release.

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12. The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

Explanation

Prolactin is the pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands. It is released in response to the suckling stimulus from the baby, promoting the production and secretion of milk. TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) stimulates the thyroid gland, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands, growth hormone promotes growth and development, and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) stimulates the development of eggs in females and sperm in males. However, none of these hormones directly stimulate milk production like prolactin does.

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13. Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

Explanation

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development causes gigantism. Gigantism is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height due to the overproduction of growth hormone before the fusion of growth plates in the long bones. This condition typically occurs in childhood or adolescence, leading to abnormal growth and disproportionate body features. Rickets is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D, dwarfism is caused by insufficient growth hormone, acromegaly is caused by excessive growth hormone after the fusion of growth plates, and diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone.

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14. The adrenal medulla produces the hormones

Explanation

The adrenal medulla is responsible for producing epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are released in response to stress or danger and play a crucial role in the body's fight or flight response. Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, while norepinephrine helps regulate blood pressure and maintain alertness. These hormones are essential for the body's response to stress and help prepare the body for action.

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15. The testes produce

Explanation

The testes are responsible for producing testosterone, a hormone that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics. Testosterone is essential for sperm production, regulation of libido, muscle and bone mass, and the growth of facial and body hair. It also contributes to overall health and well-being in men.

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16. The term used to describe excess production of urine is

Explanation

Polyuria is the term used to describe the condition of excess production of urine. This can be caused by various factors such as diabetes, kidney disease, or certain medications. Polydipsia refers to excessive thirst, hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine, and glycosuria refers to the presence of glucose in the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is polyuria.

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17. Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

Explanation

Thyroxine and calcitonin are hormones that play important roles in regulating metabolism and calcium levels in the body. The kidneys primarily filter waste products from the blood and regulate water and electrolyte balance, but they do not secrete these hormones. The heart is responsible for pumping blood and does not secrete these hormones either. The gonads secrete sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone, but not thyroxine or calcitonin. The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland" because it secretes many hormones that regulate other glands, but it does not secrete thyroxine or calcitonin. Therefore, the correct answer is the thyroid gland, as it is the main gland responsible for secreting thyroxine and calcitonin.

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18. Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release

Explanation

The secretory cells of the adenohypophysis, also known as the anterior pituitary gland, release several hormones including FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), and GH (growth hormone). Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all of these hormones are released by the secretory cells of the adenohypophysis.

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19. Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization.

Explanation

Hormones can operate on the cellular level of organization by binding to specific receptors on target cells and initiating cellular responses. They can also act on the tissue level by coordinating the activities of multiple cells within a specific tissue. Additionally, hormones can influence the function of organs by regulating their activities and maintaining homeostasis. Finally, hormones can operate on the organismic level by coordinating the activities of multiple organs and systems to maintain overall physiological balance. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

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20. Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

Explanation

Thyroid hormone has various effects on peripheral tissues. It increases oxygen consumption, which means that the cells in these tissues use more oxygen for their metabolic processes. It also increases heart rate, leading to a faster heartbeat. Additionally, thyroid hormone increases the sensitivity of these tissues to adrenergic stimulation, making them more responsive to signals from the sympathetic nervous system. Lastly, it increases body temperature, causing a rise in overall body heat. Therefore, all of the given options are known effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues.

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21. Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?

Explanation

Cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger in cellular signaling pathways. When certain hormones or neurotransmitters bind to their respective receptors on the cell surface, it triggers the activation of an enzyme called adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP then goes on to activate various downstream signaling molecules, leading to a cellular response. This amplification of the initial signal allows for efficient and rapid communication within the cell.

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22. The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

Explanation

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is growth hormone. Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, is responsible for promoting growth and development in various tissues and organs. It stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), which in turn promotes cell growth, replication, and protein synthesis. This hormone is essential for normal growth during childhood and adolescence and also plays a role in maintaining healthy body composition and metabolism in adults.

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23. Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.

Explanation

Alpha cells are responsible for producing glucagon, a hormone that increases blood sugar levels, while beta cells produce insulin, a hormone that lowers blood sugar levels. Therefore, the correct answer is "glucagon; insulin".

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24. The condition known as goiter can result from too

Explanation

Goiter is a condition characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland. It is caused by insufficient iodine intake in the diet. Iodine is a crucial nutrient required for the production of thyroid hormones. When there is a lack of iodine, the thyroid gland becomes enlarged in an attempt to produce more hormones, leading to the development of goiter. Insufficient levels of insulin, TSH, ACTH, or glucagon do not directly cause goiter.

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25. Endocrine structures

Explanation

Endocrine structures release their secretions directly into body fluids. This is because endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream or surrounding body fluids. These hormones are then carried to target cells or organs throughout the body, where they regulate various physiological processes. Unlike exocrine glands, which release their secretions onto an epithelial surface or through ducts, endocrine glands release their secretions directly into the bloodstream or body fluids for systemic distribution.

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26. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.

Explanation

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be hormones when released into the bloodstream because they are produced by the adrenal glands and have widespread effects on various target organs and tissues throughout the body. However, when released at synapses, they act as neurotransmitters because they are involved in transmitting signals between nerve cells in the nervous system.

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27. The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

Explanation

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is TSH. TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, is produced and released by the pituitary gland in response to low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood. TSH then acts on the thyroid gland, stimulating it to produce and release thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are important for regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body.

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28. Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

Explanation

An overdose of insulin can lead to low blood glucose levels. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing glucose to enter cells for energy. However, too much insulin can cause excessive glucose uptake, leading to a drop in blood sugar levels. This can result in symptoms such as dizziness, confusion, sweating, and even loss of consciousness. Prompt medical attention is necessary to treat low blood glucose levels caused by an insulin overdose.

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29. When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects, except

Explanation

Hormones can produce different kinds of effects when they interact, such as antagonistic, synergistic, and permissive effects. Integrative effects can also occur when hormones work together to produce a combined effect that is greater than the sum of their individual effects. However, bucolic does not relate to the effects of hormone interactions and is unrelated to the topic.

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30. The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

Explanation

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. This hormone is called parathyroid hormone (PTH) and it plays a crucial role in maintaining calcium homeostasis in the body. PTH acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase calcium levels in the blood. It promotes the release of calcium from bones, enhances the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and stimulates the production of active vitamin D, which increases calcium absorption in the intestines. This hormone is essential for proper bone health and nerve and muscle function.

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31. Proper growth requires which of these hormones?

Explanation

All of the above hormones are required for proper growth. The thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and growth. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for bone growth. Insulin is involved in regulating blood sugar levels and promoting the uptake of nutrients by cells, including those needed for growth. Growth hormone stimulates cell division and growth in various tissues, including bones and muscles. Therefore, all of these hormones are necessary for proper growth.

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32. All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't

Explanation

The nervous system is responsible for responding rapidly to stimuli, responding specifically to stimuli, and communicating by the release of neurotransmitters. It also responds with motor output. However, it does not function independently of the endocrine system. The nervous and endocrine systems work together to regulate and coordinate various physiological processes in the body.

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33. ________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Explanation

Hormones are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. They play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. Unlike neurotransmitters, which transmit signals across synapses in the nervous system, hormones travel through the bloodstream to reach their target cells. Neuropeptides are a type of neurotransmitter that primarily function in the brain and spinal cord. Humoral antibodies are not chemical messengers but rather proteins produced by the immune system to fight against pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is hormones.

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34. The most complex endocrine responses that integrated the nervous and endocrine system involve the

Explanation

The hypothalamus is responsible for integrating the nervous and endocrine systems through its control over the pituitary gland. It produces and releases various hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland, which in turn controls the release of hormones from other endocrine glands such as the thyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands. This complex interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and other endocrine glands allows for the coordination and regulation of various physiological processes in the body.

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35. Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in

Explanation

When the pancreas is unable to produce insulin, it leads to a condition called diabetes mellitus. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Without insulin, the body is unable to properly convert glucose into energy, resulting in high blood sugar levels. This can lead to various symptoms and complications associated with diabetes mellitus, such as increased thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and fatigue. Acromegaly, goiter, diabetes insipidus, and Addison disease are not directly caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin.

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36. Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

Explanation

The neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus are responsible for producing antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. ADH helps regulate water balance in the body by reducing the amount of water excreted in urine, while oxytocin plays a role in various reproductive functions, including childbirth and breastfeeding.

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37. Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

Explanation

The chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine takes place in the lumen of the thyroid follicle. This is where the thyroglobulin, a protein produced by the thyroid gland, is stored. Iodine is transported into the lumen of the thyroid follicle and reacts with the thyroglobulin to form thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are then released into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes in the body.

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38. When blood glucose levels rise,

Explanation

When blood glucose levels rise, the body releases insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. When glucose levels increase, insulin is released to signal cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream and use it for energy. This helps to lower blood sugar levels and maintain balance in the body.

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39. Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would lead to which of the following?

Explanation

If there is a decreased blood flow to the kidneys, it would result in decreased filtration of blood and reduced oxygen supply to the kidneys. This can trigger a series of responses to compensate for the decreased blood flow. One of these responses is the release of renin by the kidneys, which helps to regulate blood pressure by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Elevated blood levels of renin would then lead to increased blood levels of angiotensin, which is a hormone that constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure. Additionally, decreased blood flow to the kidneys can stimulate the release of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

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40. The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is (are)

Explanation

Oxytocin is a hormone that is commonly used to induce or accelerate labor and delivery. It helps to stimulate contractions of the uterus, which can help progress labor. By administering oxytocin through an intravenous drip, the hormone can be slowly released into the bloodstream, allowing for a controlled and gradual effect on labor. Prolactin is not involved in labor and delivery, and luteinizing hormone plays a role in ovulation rather than labor. Just extra fluids would not have the same effect as oxytocin.

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41. Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the hormone labeled "4."

Explanation

The hormone labeled "4" in Figure 16-1 is thyroid-stimulating hormone.

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42. The hormone oxytocin

Explanation

Oxytocin is a hormone that serves multiple functions in the body. It promotes uterine contractions, which are important during childbirth. It is also responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands, aiding in breastfeeding. Additionally, oxytocin levels rise during sexual arousal, playing a role in sexual activity. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as oxytocin is involved in all these processes.

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43. The primary function of ADH is to

Explanation

ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, is primarily responsible for regulating the amount of water lost at the kidneys. It does this by increasing the reabsorption of water back into the bloodstream, thereby decreasing the amount of water that is excreted in urine. This helps to maintain the body's water balance and prevent dehydration. The other options, such as increasing sodium loss, decreasing blood pressure, increasing digestive absorption, and delaying urination, are not the primary functions of ADH.

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44. Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells?

Explanation

Erythropoietin is a hormone that increases the production of red blood cells. It is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the body. This hormone stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, which helps to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

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45. Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

Explanation

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the above types of hormones. Catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are all examples of hormones that bind to receptors on the cell membrane. These receptors are located on the outer surface of the cell and are responsible for transmitting signals from the hormone to the inside of the cell, initiating a response. Therefore, all three types of hormones listed in the options utilize extracellular membrane receptors.

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46. Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.

Explanation

Cells have the ability to respond to multiple hormones simultaneously. This is because cells have different receptors on their surface that can recognize and bind to specific hormones. Each receptor is designed to respond to a particular hormone, allowing cells to receive and respond to signals from multiple hormones at the same time. This enables cells to coordinate and regulate various physiological processes in the body in response to different hormonal signals.

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47. Pinealocytes produce

Explanation

Pinealocytes are cells found in the pineal gland, which is responsible for producing melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and helps in maintaining the body's internal clock. It is released in response to darkness and helps to induce sleep. Therefore, the correct answer is melatonin.

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48. Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

Explanation

The correct answer is amino acid derivatives. Catecholamines, such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, are derived from the amino acid tyrosine. They are not lipids, peptides, or steroids. While some hormones are derived from reproductive glands, catecholamines are not specifically derived from these glands.

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49. Steroid hormones

Explanation

Steroid hormones are able to bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. Unlike proteins, steroid hormones are lipid-based molecules that can easily diffuse through cell membranes. Once inside the target cell, they bind to specific receptors located in the nucleus. This binding activates the receptor, leading to changes in gene expression and ultimately affecting cellular processes. Steroid hormones have a longer duration of action compared to proteins and are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

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50. The targets for insulin is (are)

Explanation

Insulin targets various cells in the body, including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells, as well as adipocytes and liver cells. Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating glucose metabolism and promoting the uptake of glucose into these cells. It helps skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells to take up glucose for energy production, promotes the storage of excess glucose as fat in adipocytes, and inhibits glucose production in the liver. Therefore, all of the options mentioned in the question are correct as they represent the different cells targeted by insulin.

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51. The kidneys secrete

Explanation

The kidneys secrete renin, which is an enzyme involved in regulating blood pressure. They also secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells. Additionally, the kidneys produce calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium levels in the body. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

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52. Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

Explanation

If growth hormone is hypersecreted after the closure of the epiphyseal plates, it may lead to acromegaly. Acromegaly is a condition characterized by the excessive growth of bones and tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, and face. Growth hormone normally promotes growth and development during childhood and adolescence, but after the closure of the epiphyseal plates, it no longer has the same effect. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood can cause abnormal growth and enlargement of bones and tissues, resulting in acromegaly.

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53. The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce

Explanation

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets are responsible for producing insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream. It also plays a role in storing excess glucose as glycogen in the liver. Insufficient production of insulin can lead to diabetes, while excess production can cause hypoglycemia.

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54. The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.

Explanation

When the ovaries are stimulated by FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), they secrete estrogen. Estrogen is a hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system. It plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle, the growth and maturation of the uterine lining, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females. Therefore, estrogen is the correct answer in this context.

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55. Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the hormone labeled "1."

Explanation

The hormone labeled "1" in Figure 16-1 is corticotropin (ACTH).

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56. The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

Explanation

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. This system allows the hypothalamus to release specific hormones that either stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary. These releasing and inhibiting factors travel through the portal system directly to the anterior pituitary, where they regulate the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream. This mechanism ensures precise control over the anterior pituitary's hormone secretion and allows the hypothalamus to regulate various physiological processes in the body.

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57. The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

Explanation

The pituitary gland is divided into two lobes, the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe produces six hormones: growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. The posterior lobe produces two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. Therefore, the two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce a total of eight hormones.

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58. The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

Explanation

Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates the body's metabolic rate. It controls the rate at which cells convert nutrients into energy, which in turn affects body temperature. Therefore, thyroxine plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and impacting body temperature.

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59. The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

Explanation

Insulin is the correct answer because it is a pancreatic hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells. Insulin stimulates the liver and muscles to store excess glucose as glycogen, reducing blood sugar levels. Cortisol, somatotropin, glucagon, and aldosterone do not have the same effect on blood sugar levels as insulin.

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60. PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.

Explanation

PRL (prolactin) and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) are both hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. PRL is responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands, while ACTH stimulates the production and release of cortisol from the adrenal glands. Therefore, the correct analogy is that PRL is to prolactin as ACTH is to corticotropin.

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61. Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?

Explanation

Oxytocin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in various reproductive processes. It stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk ejection from mammary glands during breastfeeding, and also affects the prostate and ductus deferens in males. Therefore, all of the organs mentioned in the options (prostate, ductus deferens, mammary glands, and uterus) contain target cells for oxytocin.

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62. The C cells of the thyroid gland produce

Explanation

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin. Calcitonin is a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels in the body. It works by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue and releasing calcium into the bloodstream. By inhibiting osteoclast activity, calcitonin helps to decrease the amount of calcium in the blood, promoting its deposition in bones and preventing excessive calcium release.

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63. The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

Explanation

Insulin is the correct answer because it is a pancreatic hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the entry of glucose into target cells. Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas and is released in response to high blood sugar levels. It acts by binding to insulin receptors on the surface of target cells, which triggers the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into these cells. This process helps to lower blood sugar levels and maintain glucose homeostasis in the body.

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64. The adrenal medulla produces

Explanation

The adrenal medulla is responsible for the production of epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. Epinephrine is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the body's "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. It is released in response to stress or danger, helping to prepare the body for physical exertion and heightened alertness. Androgens, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and corticosteroids are produced in other parts of the adrenal glands, but not specifically in the adrenal medulla.

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65. Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

Explanation

Epinephrine is the correct answer because it is a hormone that increases and prolongs the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. It is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or danger, and it enhances the body's "fight or flight" response. Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, while also dilating the airways and increasing glucose production for energy. This hormone helps prepare the body for immediate action in response to a perceived threat or stressor.

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66. Peptide hormones are

Explanation

Peptide hormones are composed of amino acids because they are chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. These hormones are synthesized in various glands and tissues throughout the body and play important roles in regulating physiological processes. Examples of peptide hormones include insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone.

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67. The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

Explanation

Parathyroid hormone is the hormone that has the opposite effect of calcitonin. Calcitonin helps to regulate calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting the release of calcium from the bones. In contrast, parathyroid hormone stimulates the release of calcium from the bones, increasing calcium levels in the blood. This hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands, which are located in the neck.

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68. The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

Explanation

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), the body undergoes a fight-or-flight response to stress. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is the hormone that dominates during this phase. It is released by the adrenal glands and helps to prepare the body for immediate physical activity by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. Epinephrine also redirects blood flow to the muscles and brain, enhancing physical performance and mental alertness.

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69. After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?

Explanation

After brain surgery, the patient started passing large volumes of very dilute urine. This indicates a condition called diabetes insipidus, which is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin. ADH is responsible for regulating the water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys. By administering a medicine that mimics ADH, the nurse aims to compensate for the lack of this hormone and reduce the excessive urine production.

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70. The posterior pituitary gland secretes

Explanation

The posterior pituitary gland secretes ADH, also known as antidiuretic hormone. ADH plays a crucial role in regulating water balance in the body by acting on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption. This hormone helps to prevent excessive water loss in urine, conserving water and maintaining the body's fluid balance. It is also involved in regulating blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. FSH, TSH, ACTH, and MSH are all hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the posterior pituitary gland.

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71. During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) there is

Explanation

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), the body goes into a state of stress response. This response is characterized by the mobilization of energy reserves. The body releases stored glucose and fatty acids into the bloodstream to provide a quick source of energy for the body to respond to the stressor. This allows the body to be prepared for the fight-or-flight response and helps in dealing with the immediate threat or stressor. The other options, such as decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin, decreased mental alertness, increased urine release, and decreased rate of respiration, are not associated with the alarm phase of GAS.

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72. If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?

Explanation

When a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid like prednisone to suppress the immune system, it can lead to an increase in insulin levels. Glucocorticoids can cause insulin resistance, which means that the body's cells become less responsive to insulin. As a result, the pancreas produces more insulin to compensate for this resistance. Additionally, glucocorticoids can also increase blood glucose levels. They promote gluconeogenesis, which is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and fatty acids. This combination of increased insulin and increased blood glucose levels is an unintended effect of glucocorticoid administration.

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73. Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the hormone labeled "5."

Explanation

The hormone labeled "5" in Figure 16-1 is thyroxin (thyroid hormones).

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74. Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

Explanation

The correct answer is parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone. The parathyroid glands are responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. Without PTH, there would be a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, leading to muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. This is why the discovery of the parathyroid glands was important in preventing these complications during thyroid surgery.

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75. When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

Explanation

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events. These events often involve the activation of second messengers, which are small molecules that relay the signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm. The second messenger molecules can then initiate various cellular responses, such as the activation of enzymes or the opening of ion channels. Therefore, the correct answer is that a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

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76. The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

Explanation

In a cell that responds to peptide hormones, the link between a first messenger and a second messenger is usually a G protein. G proteins are involved in signal transduction pathways and act as intermediaries between cell surface receptors and intracellular signaling molecules. When a peptide hormone binds to its receptor on the cell surface, it activates a G protein, which then triggers a cascade of biochemical events leading to the production of a second messenger, such as cAMP or calcium ions. These second messengers then transmit the signal within the cell, ultimately resulting in a cellular response to the hormone.

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77. When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,

Explanation

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes, it triggers a cascade of intracellular events. One of these events is the consumption of ATP, which provides the necessary energy for the enzymatic reactions to occur. Additionally, the activation of enzymes by the G protein also leads to the formation of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), which serves as a secondary messenger in many cellular processes. Therefore, the correct answer is that ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed when a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes.

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78. The hypophyseal portal system

Explanation

The hypophyseal portal system refers to a specialized network of blood vessels in the brain that connects two capillary plexuses with short veins. This system is responsible for carrying neurosecretions, including antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all the statements mentioned are true.

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79. The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

Explanation

During early childhood, the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). MSH plays a role in the regulation of skin pigmentation by stimulating the production and release of melanin in melanocytes. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is involved in the development of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

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80. Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

Explanation

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of ADH. ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, is released by the posterior pituitary gland in response to increased blood osmotic pressure. When blood osmotic pressure rises, indicating a higher concentration of solutes in the blood, ADH is released to conserve water by reducing urine production in the kidneys. This helps to maintain the body's water balance and prevent dehydration. Therefore, changes in blood osmotic pressure would have the greatest impact on the secretion of ADH.

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81. A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

Explanation

Calcitonin is a hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion. It does this by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for breaking down bone and releasing calcium into the bloodstream. By reducing osteoclast activity, calcitonin helps to decrease blood calcium levels. This hormone is produced by the thyroid gland and is released in response to high levels of calcium in the blood.

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82. Gap junctions

Explanation

Gap junctions are specialized protein channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing for direct cell-to-cell communication. These junctions play a crucial role in coordinating various cellular activities. In the case of epithelial cells, gap junctions help coordinate ciliary movement, which is important for processes such as the movement of mucus in the respiratory tract. In cardiac muscle cells, gap junctions coordinate contractions, ensuring synchronized and efficient pumping of blood. Additionally, gap junctions facilitate the propagation of action potentials, allowing for rapid and coordinated communication between electrically coupled cells. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above."

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83. An activated G protein can trigger

Explanation

An activated G protein can trigger the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane, allowing calcium ions to enter the cell. It can also cause the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores, increasing the concentration of calcium in the cytoplasm. In addition, G protein activation can lead to a fall in cAMP levels by inhibiting adenylate cyclase, the enzyme responsible for cAMP production. However, it can also result in a rise in cAMP levels by activating adenylate cyclase through a different pathway. Therefore, all of the above options are possible outcomes of G protein activation.

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84. All target cells

Explanation

All target cells have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals. This means that all cells in the body that are capable of receiving and responding to hormones have specific receptors on their surface that allow them to detect and bind to these chemical signals. Once the hormone binds to the receptor, it triggers a series of cellular responses that ultimately lead to a specific physiological effect. Therefore, it is essential for target cells to have both hormone receptors and the ability to respond to chemical signals in order to regulate various bodily functions.

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85. The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces

Explanation

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is responsible for producing digestive enzymes. These enzymes are essential for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the small intestine, allowing for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients. Insulin and glucagon are hormones produced by the endocrine portion of the pancreas, which regulate blood sugar levels. Somatotropin is a growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland, not the pancreas. Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not the pancreas. Therefore, the correct answer is digestive enzymes.

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86. Which of the following cooperate to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion?

Explanation

The mammary glands are prepared for milk secretion by various hormones, including prolactin, estrogens, progesterone, and placental hormones. Prolactin stimulates milk production, while estrogens and progesterone help in the development of the mammary glands and prepare them for milk production. Placental hormones also play a role in preparing the mammary glands for milk secretion. Therefore, all of the mentioned hormones cooperate together to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion.

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87. In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are ________ to those of the renin-angiotensin system.

Explanation

Natriuretic peptides and the renin-angiotensin system have opposite effects on the body. Natriuretic peptides promote the excretion of sodium and water, leading to decreased blood volume and blood pressure. On the other hand, the renin-angiotensin system promotes the retention of sodium and water, leading to increased blood volume and blood pressure. Therefore, the effects of natriuretic peptides and the renin-angiotensin system are antagonistic to each other.

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88. The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces

Explanation

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex is responsible for producing mineralocorticoids. Mineralocorticoids are a type of steroid hormone that primarily regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in the body. They play a key role in maintaining blood pressure, sodium and potassium balance, and fluid volume. Examples of mineralocorticoids include aldosterone, which promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys, and helps regulate blood pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is mineralocorticoids.

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89. TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

Explanation

TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, is responsible for the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones. It stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are essential for regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. Therefore, TSH plays a crucial role in both the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones.

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90. A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

Explanation

Aldosterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating the sodium ion content of the body. It is produced by the adrenal glands and acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions. This helps to maintain the balance of electrolytes in the body and regulate blood pressure. Cortisol is involved in regulating metabolism and stress response, parathormone regulates calcium and phosphate levels, thymosin is involved in immune function, and somatotropin regulates growth and development. Therefore, aldosterone is the correct answer in this case.

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91. Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the hormone labeled "13."

Explanation

The hormone labeled "13" in Figure 16-1 is oxytocin. Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It plays a role in various reproductive functions, such as stimulating contractions during childbirth and promoting the release of milk during breastfeeding.

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92. The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

Explanation

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex is responsible for producing androgens. Androgens are a group of hormones that are primarily associated with the development and maintenance of male characteristics. They are also present in females but at lower levels. Glucocorticoids are produced in the zona fasciculata and are involved in regulating metabolism and immune response. Mineralocorticoids are produced in the zona glomerulosa and are responsible for regulating electrolyte and water balance. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced in the adrenal medulla and are involved in the body's response to stress.

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93. Cushing disease results from an excess of

Explanation

Cushing's disease is a condition caused by the overproduction of glucocorticoids, which are a type of steroid hormone. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, play a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Excess production of glucocorticoids can lead to a range of symptoms, including weight gain, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and mood changes. Therefore, the correct answer is glucocorticoids.

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94. Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the

Explanation

The symptoms described, such as a deep voice, extensive body hair growth, and cessation of menstruation, are indicative of an excess production of androgens (male sex hormones). The zona reticularis of the adrenal gland is responsible for the production of these androgens, making it the most likely location of the hormone-secreting tumor in Shelly's case. The other options, such as the zona glomerulosa (involved in the production of aldosterone) or the adrenal medulla (involved in the production of adrenaline), are not associated with the symptoms described.

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95. The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces

Explanation

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is responsible for producing glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids are a type of steroid hormone that regulate various metabolic processes in the body, including the metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fats. They also have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Androgens are produced in the zona reticularis, while mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, are produced in the zona glomerulosa. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced by the adrenal medulla, not the adrenal cortex.

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96. During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Explanation

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), the body's stress response is activated. This phase occurs after the initial alarm reaction and is characterized by the body's attempt to adapt and cope with the stressor. One of the ways the body prepares itself during this phase is by mobilizing lipid reserves. This means that stored fats are broken down and used as a source of energy to support the body's increased metabolic demands. This helps to sustain the body's energy levels and allows it to continue functioning despite the ongoing stress.

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97. Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?

Explanation

The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for producing and releasing antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. ADH plays a crucial role in regulating water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys. Therefore, if the supraoptic nucleus is destroyed, it would result in a loss of ADH secretion. This would lead to decreased water reabsorption in the kidneys, causing increased urine output and potentially leading to dehydration.

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98. The F cells of the pancreatic islets produce

Explanation

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99. All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they

Explanation

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and are produced by reproductive glands. They are lipids and bind to receptors within the cell. However, they are not produced by the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, not steroid hormones.

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100. Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't

Explanation

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body. It stimulates osteoclast activity, which breaks down bone to release calcium into the bloodstream. PTH also inhibits osteoblast activity, which is involved in bone formation. It stimulates the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys, which is the active form of vitamin D that helps increase calcium absorption in the intestines. Additionally, PTH enhances the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys, reducing its excretion. However, PTH does not directly build up bone, as that is primarily the role of osteoblasts.

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101. Too little secretion of cortisol causes

Explanation

Addison's disease is caused by too little secretion of cortisol, which is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This condition occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and sometimes aldosterone. This can lead to various symptoms including fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and darkening of the skin. Goiter is typically caused by an iodine deficiency, while diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus are related to issues with insulin production or the body's ability to regulate blood sugar. Cushing's disease, on the other hand, is caused by excessive secretion of cortisol.

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102. Which of the following is not an action of TSH?

Explanation

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a key role in regulating the thyroid gland. It stimulates T3 and T4 secretion, which are the thyroid hormones. TSH also stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells, which is the process of taking up iodine from the blood to synthesize thyroid hormones. Additionally, TSH stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cells, which is the process of absorbing the protein-rich colloid from the follicles. TSH increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cells, which is an important signaling molecule for thyroid hormone synthesis. However, TSH does not inhibit T3 and T4 secretion.

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103. Each of the following is true of the pineal gland, except that it

Explanation

The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland located in the brain. It is a component of the epithalamus, not the hypothalamus. The pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep and wakefulness. It contains pinealocytes, specialized cells that produce and release melatonin. Additionally, the pineal gland responds to light and darkness by adjusting melatonin production accordingly.

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104. The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

Explanation

LH, or luteinizing hormone, is the pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone. LH is responsible for triggering ovulation in females, leading to the release of an egg from the ovary, and stimulating the production of testosterone in males. This hormone plays a crucial role in the reproductive system and is essential for the regulation of hormonal balance and fertility.

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105. All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except

Explanation

Thyroid hormones are known to increase heart rate and force of contraction, so the correct answer is that they do not result in decreased heart rate and force of contraction.

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106. The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of

Explanation

Renin is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the activation of angiotensin. Angiotensin is a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Renin is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume. It acts on angiotensinogen, a protein produced by the liver, and converts it into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted into angiotensin II by the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and also stimulates the release of aldosterone, which increases sodium reabsorption and water retention, further contributing to an increase in blood pressure.

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107. A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is

Explanation

Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in regulating glucose levels in the body. It promotes glucose formation in the liver through a process called gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis involves converting non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and fatty acids, into glucose. This helps to maintain adequate blood glucose levels, especially during times of stress or fasting. Aldosterone, erythropoietin, thymosin, and parathormone do not have a direct role in promoting glucose formation in the liver.

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108. Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to

Explanation

Inadequate iodine in the diet can lead to various health conditions. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, which can result from a lack of iodine. Cretinism is a severe form of hypothyroidism that occurs in infants and children, leading to stunted growth and intellectual disabilities. Goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid gland, often caused by iodine deficiency. High blood levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) can also be a result of inadequate iodine intake. Therefore, all of the mentioned conditions can occur due to inadequate iodine in the diet.

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109. After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

Explanation

When a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, it triggers a series of events that ultimately lead to the initiation of gene transcription. This is because the steroid hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor, binding to specific DNA sequences and promoting the assembly of the transcriptional machinery. This results in the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the genes that are targeted by the hormone-receptor complex, leading to the production of specific proteins that mediate the hormone's effects on the target cells.

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110. If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

Explanation

When stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). During this phase, the body tries to adapt to the ongoing stressor and maintain physiological balance. The body's resources are mobilized to cope with the stress, and the individual may experience increased resistance to illness or injury. This phase allows the body to continue functioning despite the presence of stress.

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111. When blood glucose levels fall,

Explanation

When blood glucose levels fall, the body releases glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps to increase blood glucose levels. It does this by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. This release of glucose helps to maintain blood sugar levels within a normal range. Therefore, the correct answer is that glucagon is released when blood glucose levels fall.

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112. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following, except

Explanation

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system leads to vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure. It also stimulates the release of aldosterone, which promotes sodium and water retention in the kidneys, leading to increased blood volume and water retention. However, it does not directly affect urine production.

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113. Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the

Explanation

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), the body is under prolonged stress and needs to adapt to the ongoing stressor. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are the hormones that dominate during this phase. They are released by the adrenal glands in response to stress and help regulate various physiological processes, including metabolism, immune function, and the body's response to inflammation. Glucocorticoids play a crucial role in mobilizing energy stores and suppressing inflammation, allowing the body to sustain a prolonged response to stress.

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114. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia

Explanation

MSH is secreted by the human pars intermedia in very young children. This hormone plays a role in regulating skin pigmentation, and its secretion is highest during early childhood. As individuals age, the production of MSH decreases. Additionally, MSH can also be secreted in times of stress or in healthy adults, but the highest levels are found in young children.

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115. The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

Explanation

FSH, also known as follicle-stimulating hormone, is a pituitary hormone that plays a crucial role in reproductive processes. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles, which contain the eggs. It also helps in the production of estrogen. In males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm in the testes. Therefore, FSH is responsible for promoting egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes.

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116. Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in

Explanation

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. The zona fasciculata is responsible for producing glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, which play a key role in glucose metabolism. These hormones stimulate the breakdown of proteins, including amino acids, and promote the conversion of amino acids into glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis. Damage to the zona fasciculata would impair the production of glucocorticoids, leading to a decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.

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117. Regulatory factors that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.

Explanation

The regulatory factors that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the median eminence of the hypothalamus. The median eminence is a specialized region at the base of the hypothalamus where neurosecretory cells release hormones into the hypophyseal portal system. These hormones then travel to the anterior pituitary gland, where they stimulate or inhibit the release of specific hormones. This communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is essential for maintaining hormonal balance in the body.

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118. Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex?

Explanation

Oxytocin is released due to sensory input and is part of a neuroendocrine reflex. Oxytocin is a hormone that plays a role in various reproductive functions, including labor and lactation. It is released in response to sensory stimuli such as touch, suckling, and sexual activity, and helps facilitate bonding and social interactions.

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119. Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it

Explanation

Growth hormone is known to have several functions in the body, including promoting bone and muscle growth, as well as promoting amino acid uptake by cells. Additionally, growth hormone is also known to be glucose sparing, meaning it helps to preserve glucose levels in the body. However, growth hormone does not cause fat accumulation within adipocytes.

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120. Cells of the adrenal cortex produce

Explanation

The cells of the adrenal cortex produce aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone that is responsible for regulating the balance of salt and water in the body. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium, which helps to maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced by the adrenal medulla and are involved in the body's response to stress. ACTH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of cortisol in the adrenal cortex. Angiotensin is a hormone that is involved in regulating blood pressure.

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121. Which of these statements about melatonin is false?

Explanation

Exposure to light stimulates the production of melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone that is produced by pinealocytes, which are cells in the pineal gland. It is synthesized from serotonin. Melatonin production is inhibited by exposure to light, not stimulated.

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122. Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

Explanation

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called somatomedins. Somatomedins, also known as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), are produced by the liver in response to growth hormone stimulation. They play a crucial role in promoting growth and development of various tissues and organs in the body. These hormones act locally and systemically to stimulate cell growth, protein synthesis, and bone growth. Therefore, somatomedins are the correct answer in this case.

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123. A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except

Explanation

A rise in cortisol, which is a stress hormone, would cause an increase in the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver, the rate of glycogen formation by the liver, and the level of fatty acids in the blood. This is because cortisol promotes the breakdown of stored glycogen and fats to provide energy during stressful situations. However, cortisol would not directly affect the levels of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), which is responsible for stimulating the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands. Therefore, the correct answer is ACTH levels.

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124. Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except

Explanation

The correct answer is thyroid-stimulating hormone. This hormone is not an amino acid derivative, unlike the other options listed. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and melatonin are all derived from amino acids. Thyroid hormone, while not directly derived from amino acids, is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.

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125. Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

Explanation

Calmodulin is an intracellular protein that binds to calcium ions and acts as a messenger. It is involved in various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, enzyme regulation, and cell growth. The other options, calcitonin, calcitriol, calcium-binding globulin, and calcitropin, are not directly involved in calcium ion signaling and do not serve as messengers in the same way as calmodulin.

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126. Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

Explanation

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood. When PTH levels increase, it stimulates the release of calcium from the bones into the bloodstream and enhances the absorption of calcium from the intestines. This leads to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. Thymosin, calcitonin, aldosterone, and cortisol do not directly affect calcium levels in the blood.

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127. If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

Explanation

If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormone. The median eminence is a region in the hypothalamus that serves as a bridge between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. It releases hormones called releasing factors into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system, which then travel to the anterior pituitary gland and stimulate the release of specific hormones. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is one of the hormones that is regulated by the hypothalamus through this pathway. Therefore, if the median eminence is destroyed, the control over melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion would be lost.

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128. The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by

Explanation

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by decreased resistance to disease and infection. This is because during the exhaustion phase, the body's resources have been depleted due to prolonged exposure to stress. The body's immune system becomes weakened, making it more susceptible to diseases and infections. Therefore, the correct answer is decreased resistance to disease and infection.

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129. Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

Explanation

Aldosterone is a hormone that is responsible for regulating the balance of sodium and potassium in the body. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium, which in turn reduces fluid losses through urine. This action helps to maintain blood volume and blood pressure. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is responsible for regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys, not sodium. Calcitonin is involved in regulating calcium levels, not fluid balance. Cortisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that has anti-inflammatory effects, but it does not directly affect fluid balance. Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions and milk release, but not fluid balance.

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130. A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is

Explanation

Cortisol is a hormone that works synergistically with growth hormone. It helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Cortisol promotes the breakdown of proteins and fats for energy, which supports the growth hormone's role in tissue growth and repair. Additionally, cortisol enhances the effects of growth hormone by increasing its release and receptor sensitivity. Therefore, cortisol complements and enhances the actions of growth hormone, making it the correct answer.

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131. The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

Explanation

The correct answer is "contain four types of endocrine cells." The pancreatic islets, also known as the islets of Langerhans, are small clusters of cells within the pancreas that play a crucial role in the regulation of blood sugar levels. These islets contain four types of endocrine cells: alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, and PP cells. Each type of cell produces and releases different hormones, such as insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, respectively. These hormones are involved in the control of glucose metabolism, digestion, and other important physiological processes.

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132. The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

Explanation

TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, is produced by the pituitary gland and is responsible for controlling the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex. It stimulates the production and release of cortisol, a steroid hormone, from the adrenal glands. This hormone plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response. ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH are hormones produced by the pituitary gland, but they do not directly control the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex.

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The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of...
Thyroid hormone contains the element
In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus,
If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar...
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:...
Melatonin is produced by the
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their...
Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect
Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary...
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause
The adrenal medulla produces the hormones
The testes produce
The term used to describe excess production of urine is
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release
Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization.
Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on...
Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by...
Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.
The condition known as goiter can result from too
Endocrine structures
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when...
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone...
Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?
When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of...
The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
Proper growth requires which of these hormones?
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it...
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and...
The most complex endocrine responses that integrated the nervous and...
Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in
Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the...
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take...
When blood glucose levels rise,
Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would lead to which of the...
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to...
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:...
The hormone oxytocin
The primary function of ADH is to
Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells?
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following...
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.
Pinealocytes produce
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
Steroid hormones
The targets for insulin is (are)
The kidneys secrete
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if...
The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:...
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many...
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate...
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.
Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?
The C cells of the thyroid gland produce
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target...
The adrenal medulla produces
Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the...
Peptide hormones are
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general...
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an...
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) there...
If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as...
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:...
Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a...
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the...
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell...
When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of...
The hypophyseal portal system
The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis...
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
Gap junctions
An activated G protein can trigger
All target cells
The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces
Which of the following cooperate to prepare the mammary glands for...
In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are ________ to those...
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces
TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:...
The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces
Cushing disease results from an excess of
Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor...
The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces
During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have...
The F cells of the pancreatic islets produce
All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it...
Too little secretion of cortisol causes
Which of the following is not an action of TSH?
Each of the following is true of the pineal gland, except that it
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone...
All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except
The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of
A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is
Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active...
If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the...
When blood glucose levels fall,
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the...
Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general...
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars...
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and...
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would...
Regulatory factors that control secretion of anterior pituitary...
Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part...
Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it
Cells of the adrenal cortex produce
Which of these statements about melatonin is false?
Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following,...
Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except
Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the...
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels...
If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the...
The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is...
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+...
A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is
The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones...
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