Anatomy And Physiology 1-test Two

The zygomatics major and minor are muscles that are used in smiling. When these muscles contract, they pull the corners of the mouth upward, creating a smile. The zygomatics major is the larger of the two muscles and is responsible for the upward movement of the corners of the mouth, while the zygomatics minor assists in this movement. Therefore, the zygomatics major and minor are the correct answer as they are specifically involved in the action of smiling.

The bone that has collagen removed becomes inflexible. Collagen is a protein that provides flexibility and strength to bones. Without collagen, the bone loses its ability to bend or flex, making it rigid and inflexible.

A ball and socket joint allows for a wide range of movement in multiple directions. It consists of a rounded bone (ball) that fits into a cup-shaped socket, allowing for rotation, flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. This type of joint is found in the shoulder and hip, enabling movements such as arm and leg rotation, swinging, and circumduction.

The orbicularis oculi is the correct answer because it is the muscle responsible for blinking and squinting. It is a circular muscle that surrounds the eye and helps to close the eyelids. When the orbicularis oculi contracts, it causes the eyelids to close, protecting the eye from foreign objects and excessive light.

The given options are types of joints in the human body. The elbow, knee, and fingers are examples of hinge joints, which allow movement in only one direction, like the opening and closing of a door. The ball and socket joint allows for a wide range of motion, like the hip and shoulder joints. Gliding joints enable bones to slide past each other, like in the wrist and ankle. Condyloid joints allow for movement in two directions, like the joints at the base of the fingers. Therefore, the correct answer is hinge, as it is the type of joint represented by the elbow, knee, and fingers.

The correct answer is "medullary" because the term "medullary" refers to the cavity that contains yellow marrow in adults. Yellow marrow is primarily composed of fat cells and is found in the medullary cavity of long bones such as the femur and tibia. This cavity is responsible for storing and producing blood cells in early life, but as an individual reaches adulthood, it is mostly filled with yellow marrow. Therefore, "medullary" is the appropriate term to describe the cavity that contains yellow marrow in adults.

The periosteum is a membrane that covers the surface of bones. It is a tough, fibrous layer that provides protection and nourishment to the underlying bone. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and cells that are involved in bone growth and repair. The periosteum also serves as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments, helping to anchor them to the bone. Overall, the periosteum plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and integrity of the bone.

The middle ear is found in the temporal bone. The temporal bone is located on the sides and base of the skull, and it houses important structures such as the ear canal, eardrum, and the bones of the middle ear (malleus, incus, and stapes). These structures are crucial for the transmission of sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear, where they are converted into electrical signals that the brain can interpret. Therefore, the temporal bone is the correct answer as it is the specific location of the middle ear.

The diaphysis is the correct answer because it is the long, cylindrical shaft of a bone that is made up of a thick layer of compact bone on the outside and a thin layer of spongy bone on the inside. The compact bone provides strength and support, while the spongy bone contains red bone marrow and helps with blood cell production. The epiphysis refers to the ends of the bone, which are primarily made up of spongy bone. Cartilage is a connective tissue found at the ends of bones and provides cushioning and flexibility. Therefore, none of the other options accurately describe an area made up of a thick layer of compact bone and a thin layer of spongy bone.

The synaptic cleft is the correct answer because it refers to the gap between a muscle cell and an axon terminal. This gap is where the neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal and bind to receptors on the muscle cell, allowing for the transmission of signals between nerve cells and muscle cells. The other options - myoneural, intervertebral discs, and cavities - do not accurately describe the specific location mentioned in the question.

The condyles are bony projections on the base of the skull that articulate with the first cervical vertebra, known as the atlas. This allows for the movement of the head and neck. The occipital bone is located at the back of the skull and contains these condyles, making it the correct answer. The other options, ethmoid, lacrimal, and sphenoid, are bones in the skull but do not articulate with the atlas.

Canaliculi are small canals that connect lacunae in bone tissue. Lacunae are small spaces within the bone matrix that house osteocytes, which are mature bone cells. Canaliculi allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between osteocytes and the blood supply. They also facilitate communication between osteocytes, allowing them to coordinate their activities. Therefore, canaliculi are the correct answer as they are the small canals that connect lacunae in bone tissue.

A fossa is a shallow depression or hollow area in the body. It is a term commonly used in anatomy to describe a specific anatomical feature. It can refer to a depression in a bone or a hollow area in an organ. In this context, the term "fossa" is the correct answer because it best describes a shallow depression. The other options, such as ramus, meatus, and fissure, do not specifically refer to a shallow depression, making them incorrect answers.

A tendon is a cord of collagen fibers that attaches muscle to bone. Unlike ligaments, which connect bone to bone, tendons specifically connect muscle to bone. The collagen fibers in tendons provide strength and stability to the attachment, allowing for efficient transmission of forces from the muscle to the bone during movement.

The latissimus dorsi is the prime mover for arm extension. This muscle is located in the back and is responsible for pulling the arm down and back towards the body. It is a large, triangular muscle that spans from the lower back to the upper arm. When the latissimus dorsi contracts, it generates the force needed to extend the arm, allowing for movements such as pulling, rowing, and swimming.

The correct answer is "epiphyseal plate." In children, the growth plate is called the epiphyseal plate. This is a layer of cartilage located at the ends of long bones, which allows for bone growth and development. As children grow, the epiphyseal plate gradually ossifies and becomes the epiphyseal line in adults. This transformation marks the end of bone growth.

A crest refers to a narrow ridge of bone. It is a prominent, elevated structure that can be found on various bones in the body. The term "crest" is used to describe the highest point or ridge of a bone that serves as an attachment site for muscles, tendons, or ligaments. It is typically a bony prominence that can be felt or seen on the surface of the body.

Articular cartilage is a type of hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage found in the body, and it is characterized by its smooth and glassy appearance. It covers the ends of bones in joints, providing a smooth surface for the bones to glide over each other, reducing friction and allowing for easy movement. Therefore, the correct answer is hyaline.

Osteocytes are bone cells that are found within small spaces called lacunae. These cells are responsible for maintaining the bone tissue by regulating the exchange of nutrients and waste materials with the blood vessels. Osteocytes also play a crucial role in bone remodeling and repair. They communicate with each other and with other bone cells through tiny channels called canaliculi, allowing for the transmission of signals and nutrients. Therefore, osteocyte is the correct answer for the given question.

The diaphysis refers to the long, cylindrical main portion of a bone. It is located between the two ends of the bone, known as the epiphyses. The diaphysis is primarily composed of compact bone tissue and contains the medullary cavity, which houses the bone marrow. Therefore, among the given options, diaphysis is the correct answer as it accurately describes the main portion of a bone.

During elbow flexion, the triceps brachii muscle acts as an antagonist. An antagonist is a muscle that opposes or reverses the action of another muscle. In this case, the triceps brachii works in opposition to the biceps brachii, which is the prime mover responsible for elbow flexion. While the biceps brachii contracts to flex the elbow, the triceps brachii relaxes to allow this movement to occur smoothly. Therefore, the triceps brachii acts as an antagonist to the prime mover, helping to control and regulate the movement of the elbow joint.

The endosteum is the correct answer because it is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity, which is the central cavity of long bones. The endosteum is a thin connective tissue membrane that covers the inner surface of the bone, including the medullary cavity. It contains osteoprogenitor cells, which are responsible for bone growth and repair. The periosteum, on the other hand, is the membrane that covers the outer surface of bones, while the medullary cavity is the hollow space within the bone that contains bone marrow.

The correct answer is "compact" because the term "located in diaphysis" refers to the compact bone. The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone, and it is primarily composed of compact bone tissue. Compact bone is dense and solid, providing strength and support to the bone. In contrast, spongy bone is found at the ends of long bones and is more porous in nature. Therefore, the answer "compact" is the most appropriate choice based on the given information.

The ethmoid bone is a cranial bone located between the nasal cavity and the eye sockets. It contains a bony ridge called the crista galli, which serves as an attachment point for the protective covering of the brain. The other options listed (mandible, temporal, lacrimal) do not have a crista galli or any upward protrusion. Therefore, the correct answer is ethmoid.

An epicondyle is a raised area on or above a condyle. It is a bony prominence that serves as a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments. The other options, such as crest, line, and groove, do not specifically refer to a raised area on or above a condyle. Therefore, epicondyle is the correct answer.

The sella turcica is a bony depression in the sphenoid bone, located in the base of the skull. It houses the pituitary gland and is important for protecting this gland. The maxilla is a facial bone that forms the upper jaw and part of the hard palate. The mandible is the lower jawbone. The temporal bone is located on the sides and base of the skull. Therefore, the correct answer is sphenoid, as it is the bone that contains the sella turcica.

The perimysium is a connective tissue that surrounds and supports a bundle of muscle cells called a fascicle. It helps to protect and organize the muscle fibers within the fascicle, providing structure and stability to the muscle. The perimysium also contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the muscle cells with oxygen and nutrients, allowing them to function properly. Therefore, the perimysium is the correct answer in this context.

A fascicle is a bundle of muscle cells that are grouped together within a muscle. It is surrounded by connective tissue and contains multiple muscle fibers. The fascicle is responsible for transmitting the force generated by the muscle cells to the tendons, which then allows for movement.

The orbicularis oris is the correct answer because it is the muscle responsible for puckering the lips and closing the mouth. It encircles the mouth and is involved in various facial expressions, such as smiling and kissing. The other options mentioned, such as buccinator, platysma, and zygomatics, are also facial muscles, but they do not specifically control the movements of the lips and mouth like the orbicularis oris does.

The pectoralis major is the prime mover for arm flexion. It is a large, fan-shaped muscle located in the chest region. When it contracts, it pulls the upper arm bone towards the chest, causing flexion at the shoulder joint. This muscle is responsible for movements such as hugging, throwing, and pushing. Its size and position make it an important muscle for generating power and strength during arm flexion exercises. The other muscles listed, such as the rhomboids, external intercostals, and serratus anterior, are not primarily involved in arm flexion and have different functions in the body.

Lacunae are the spaces where the osteocytes, or bone cells, are located. These small spaces are found within the lamellae, which are concentric rings of bone matrix. The lacunae are arranged around the central canal, which contains blood vessels and nerves. Together, the lacunae, lamellae, and central canal form the basic structural unit of compact bone called an osteon. The osteocytes within the lacunae are responsible for maintaining the health and function of the bone tissue.

The hardness of bones is due to the presence of mineral salts. These mineral salts, such as calcium and phosphate, contribute to the strength and rigidity of bones. They form a dense matrix within the bone tissue, providing structural support and resistance to compression. Without mineral salts, bones would be more flexible and prone to fractures. Osteocytes, lamellae, and osteons are all components of bone tissue but do not directly contribute to the hardness of bones.

A trochanter is a large, irregularly shaped projection found on the femur bone. It serves as a point of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, providing stability and facilitating movement in the hip joint. The term "crest" refers to a ridge-like projection, typically found on bones, while "meatus" refers to a canal or passageway. "Ramus" refers to a branch or extension of a bone. Therefore, the correct answer is trochanter, as it best fits the description of a large, irregularly shaped projection.

A myofilament is the correct answer because it refers to the thin or thick filaments made up of actin or myosin proteins that are responsible for muscle contraction. These myofilaments are organized into repeating units called sarcomeres, which make up the myofibrils. The myofibrils are then bundled together to form muscle fibers, which are surrounded by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma. Therefore, out of the given options, myofilament is the most specific term that accurately describes the actin or myosin-containing filament involved in muscle contraction.

The corrugator supercilli is a muscle located in the forehead that is responsible for forming a vertical crease between the eyebrows. This muscle contracts when a person frowns or shows concern, causing the skin to fold and create the characteristic wrinkle. The other options listed are not involved in forming this specific crease in the forehead.

The epiphysis is the area of the bone that is covered with cartilage. This cartilage acts as a cushion and helps to reduce friction between bones at the joints. The epiphysis is located at the ends of long bones and is responsible for the growth and development of the bone. It is composed of spongy bone and contains red bone marrow, which is responsible for producing blood cells.

Volkmann's canal is a horizontal canal in the osteon that connects the central canals. It allows for the passage of blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue between adjacent osteons. This canal plays a crucial role in providing nutrients and oxygen to the osteocytes within the lacunae and helps in the removal of waste products. Therefore, the presence of Volkmann's canal ensures the proper functioning and health of the bone tissue.

The suture that holds the parietal bone and temporal bone is called the squamous suture. This suture is located on the side of the skull, where the parietal bone and temporal bone meet. It is named "squamous" because it has a flat, scale-like appearance when viewed from the outside. This suture helps to provide stability and strength to the skull, allowing for protection of the brain and other vital structures within the head.

The correct answer is "compact" because compact bone is dense and solid, providing strength and support to the skeleton. It is found in the outer layer of bones and forms the majority of the bone tissue. Compact bone also contains the central canal, which houses blood vessels and nerves. In contrast, spongy bone is porous and contains trabeculae, while the central canal is not present in this type of bone. Therefore, the answer "compact" is the most appropriate choice based on the given information.

The lambdoidal suture is the correct answer because it is the suture that holds the parietal bone and occipital bone together. Sutures are fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull, and the lambdoidal suture specifically runs in a transverse direction between the back of the parietal bones and the occipital bone. This suture helps to provide stability and support to the skull, allowing for proper functioning and protection of the brain.

The ethmoid, frontal, sphenoid, and maxilla bones form the parasinuses. The parasinuses are air-filled spaces within these bones that are connected to the nasal cavity. The ethmoid bone is located between the eyes and contains multiple air cells. The frontal bone forms the forehead and also contains air cells. The sphenoid bone is situated behind the eye sockets and contains sinuses. The maxilla bone forms the upper jaw and also contains sinuses. Together, these bones create the parasinuses, which help to lighten the skull and produce mucus that moisturizes the nasal cavity.

The correct answer is sacromere. A sarcomere is the contractile unit of a muscle and is responsible for muscle contraction. It is composed of myofibrils, which are long, cylindrical structures within muscle cells. These myofibrils contain the proteins actin and myosin, which interact to generate force and cause muscle contraction. Therefore, the sacromere is the correct answer as it is the fundamental unit that allows muscles to contract and generate movement.

The masseter is the correct answer because it is the prime mover responsible for raising the mandible (lower jaw). The masseter muscle is one of the main muscles involved in chewing and is located on the side of the face, connecting the lower jawbone to the cheekbone. When the masseter contracts, it causes the mandible to move upwards, allowing for biting and chewing actions.

The deltoid, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis muscles are responsible for forming the abdominal girdle. The deltoid muscle is located in the shoulder and helps stabilize the shoulder joint. The internal oblique muscle is found in the abdominal region and aids in rotating and flexing the trunk. The transverse abdominis muscle is also located in the abdomen and helps with core stability and compression of the abdominal contents. Together, these muscles play a major role in forming and supporting the abdominal girdle.

A tubercle is a small rounded projection. It is a bony prominence or bump that can be found on various bones in the body. It is often a site of muscle or ligament attachment. In this context, the other options - meatus, ramus, and condyle - do not fit the description of a small rounded projection. Therefore, the correct answer is tubercle.

The correct answer is "spongy" because spongy bone tissue is located in the epiphyses of long bones. Spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, is made up of a network of trabeculae that create a porous structure. This type of bone tissue is found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of flat bones. It provides support and helps to reduce the weight of the bone, making it lighter and more flexible.

The buccinator muscle is responsible for sucking in the cheeks. It is a thin, flat muscle located in the cheek region. When contracted, it helps in compressing the cheeks and pushing the air out, creating a sucking motion. The other muscles listed, such as the masseter, orbicularis oculi, and orbicularis oris, are not involved in this specific action of sucking in the cheeks.

The given answer "flexible" suggests that the bone, which has had its calcium removed, is still able to bend or move easily. This implies that the bone is not rigid or stiff, indicating that it can still exhibit some level of flexibility despite the absence of calcium.

A myofibril is a long filamentous organelle with a banded appearance found within muscle cells. It is responsible for muscle contraction and contains myofilaments, which are the contractile proteins actin and myosin. The myofibril is composed of repeating units called sarcomeres, which give it its banded appearance. The myofibril plays a crucial role in muscle function and is essential for muscle movement and contraction.

The platsyma is a muscle located in the neck that becomes tense during shaving. This muscle is responsible for pulling down the corners of the mouth and the skin of the neck, which helps to tighten the skin and create a smoother surface for shaving. When the platsyma contracts, it can also help to expose the hair follicles, making it easier to shave the hair off. Therefore, the platsyma plays a significant role in the shaving process by providing tension to the skin on the neck.