Pharmacology Quiz: Respiratory And Gastrointestinal Medications!

Traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. COX-1 is responsible for producing prostaglandins that protect the stomach lining and maintain kidney function, while COX-2 is involved in inflammation and pain. By inhibiting both enzymes, traditional NSAIDs provide pain relief and reduce inflammation but also have potential side effects such as stomach ulcers and kidney problems. Therefore, the correct answer is "Both A and B" because traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2.

This answer is correct because all of the other options listed are non-pharmacologic treatments for ulcers. Reducing stress, avoiding aggravating foods, and quitting smoking are all lifestyle changes that can help prevent or alleviate ulcers. However, drinking a 4 oz glass of red wine 3 times a week is not a recognized non-pharmacologic treatment for ulcers.

Aspirin has the risk of Reye's syndrome if given when a virus or varicella is present. Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children and teenagers recovering from a viral infection, such as the flu or chickenpox. The use of aspirin during these infections has been linked to an increased risk of developing Reye's syndrome, which can cause liver and brain damage. Therefore, it is important to avoid giving aspirin to individuals with viral infections, especially children and teenagers, and instead use alternatives such as acetaminophen for pain relief and fever reduction.

Acetaminophen weakly inhibits cylooxygenase, which is an enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins, substances that cause inflammation and pain. By inhibiting this enzyme, acetaminophen reduces the production of prostaglandins, thereby providing relief from pain and reducing fever. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen also inhibit cylooxygenase, but they do so more strongly compared to acetaminophen.

Gastrin acts in the GI tract to increase HCl by binding to CCK2 receptors. When gastrin binds to these receptors, it activates protein kinases, which in turn stimulate the secretion of H+ ions. This leads to an increase in the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

Bropheneramine (Veltane) is not classified as an NSAID because it is an antihistamine and decongestant medication used to relieve symptoms of allergies and nasal congestion. NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are a class of medications that primarily reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and reduce fever. Indomethacin, Naproxen, and Fenamic acid are all examples of NSAIDs commonly used for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Hydrocodone is a controlled substance antitussive because it is a narcotic cough suppressant. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the cough reflex. This medication is commonly used to treat cough associated with conditions such as the common cold, bronchitis, or respiratory infections. Due to its potential for abuse and addiction, hydrocodone is classified as a controlled substance and requires a prescription from a healthcare professional. Dextromethorphan, on the other hand, is also an antitussive but is not a controlled substance. Celecoxib and meloxicam are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used for pain and inflammation, but they are not antitussives.

Nalbumetone (Relafin) is the correct answer because it is an NSAID that does not inhibit COX in the GI mucosa. COX (cyclooxygenase) is an enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandins, which play a role in inflammation and pain. Traditional NSAIDs like aspirin and ibuprofen inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, which can lead to gastrointestinal side effects such as stomach ulcers. Acetaminophen, although it has analgesic properties, is not considered an NSAID as it does not have anti-inflammatory effects. Nalbumetone (Relafin), on the other hand, selectively inhibits COX-2, making it less likely to cause GI mucosa inhibition and therefore a better option for patients who are at risk for gastrointestinal complications.

no anti-inflammatory effect

Gastric ulcers typically take a longer time to heal compared to other types of ulcers. The answer "6-8 weeks" is the most accurate because it aligns with the general healing timeline for gastric ulcers. This extended healing period is due to the fact that the stomach is constantly producing acid, which can delay the healing process. Additionally, treatment for gastric ulcers often involves medications that need to be taken for several weeks to reduce acid production and allow the ulcer to heal.

irreversibly inhibits thromboxane

NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are a class of medications that provide analgesia (pain relief) and inhibit the COX system, which is responsible for inflammation. They are known to be highly plasma-protein binding, meaning they attach to proteins in the blood. However, they are not typically only well absorbed in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. NSAIDs can be absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract.

Smoking adversely affects the GI tract in several ways, including decreasing blood flow, decreasing healing, and decreasing HCO3 production. However, it does not increase gastrin production. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach, and smoking does not have a direct effect on its production. Therefore, the correct answer is "increases gastrin production."

inhibits platelet aggregation

Desloratadine (Clarinex) is the correct answer because it is an antihistamine drug used to relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and itchy or watery eyes. It does not have decongestant properties, meaning it does not help to relieve nasal congestion or stuffiness. Pseudoephedrine, oxymetazoline, and tetrahydrazoline are all decongestant drugs commonly used to alleviate nasal congestion.

CHF (Congestive Heart Failure) decreases the metabolism of Theophylline. CHF is a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can lead to reduced blood flow to the liver, which is responsible for metabolizing drugs like Theophylline. As a result, the metabolism of Theophylline is decreased in patients with CHF, leading to higher levels of the drug in the body.

COX-1 is an enzyme that is present in low amounts in the kidney, platelets, and GI tract. It is involved in the synthesis of thromboxane, which promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. However, COX-1 is not induced by cytokines. Cytokines are signaling molecules that regulate inflammation and immune responses, and they do not have a direct effect on COX-1 expression or activity. Therefore, the correct answer is that COX-1 is not induced by cytokines.