3C051 CDC Vol. 2

The binary equivalent to the dotted decimal number 96 is 01100000.

A gateway acts as a translator between two workstations or networks that use different operating systems, communication protocols, and data format structures. It enables communication and data exchange between these systems by converting the data from one format to another, allowing seamless communication between the different networks or workstations.

Access lists are used in routers to control traffic flow. They consist of a series of statements that define what traffic is allowed or denied. At the end of an access list, there is an implicit deny statement, which means that if a packet does not match any of the preceding statements, it will be denied by default. This ensures that only explicitly allowed traffic is permitted, and all other traffic is denied. Therefore, all access lists end with an implicit deny.

A set of keys, subkeys, and values from the registry stored in its own file location is called a hive.

Air Force Instruction 33-115 sets the policies that unit client support administrators must comply with.

An internetwork is a set of subnets that are connected with routers. Routers are used to connect different subnets and enable communication between them. Therefore, an internetwork refers to a network that consists of multiple interconnected subnets, allowing for data to be routed between them.

A local area network (LAN) is a type of communications network that serves users within a confined geographical area, such as a home, office, or campus. It is designed to connect computers and devices in close proximity to each other, allowing for the sharing of resources, such as files, printers, and internet access. LANs typically have high data transfer rates and low latency, making them ideal for local communication needs.

A multi-server high-speed backbone network is designed to handle large amounts of traffic and connect multiple users. The range of 250 to 1000 users suggests that this network can support a significant number of users, making it suitable for medium to large organizations or institutions. This range indicates that the network has the capacity to handle a substantial user base while maintaining efficient data transfer and high-speed connectivity.

Light signals in fiber optic cables can travel distances in excess of 100 miles before they need to be boosted. This is because fiber optic cables use total internal reflection to guide the light signals along the cable without significant loss of signal strength. The light signals bounce off the walls of the cable, allowing them to travel long distances without the need for boosting or amplification. This makes fiber optic cables ideal for long-distance communication and data transmission.

The physical layer of the OSI reference model is responsible for defining the hardware and electrical specifications required to transmit data. It deals with the physical connection between devices and includes aspects such as cables, connectors, and signaling. This layer ensures that the data is transmitted in the form of electrical or optical signals over the physical medium.

The standard internet protocol is broken down into 4 octets. An octet is a unit of digital information that consists of 8 bits. In the case of the internet protocol, each octet represents a portion of the IP address. The IP address is a unique identifier assigned to devices connected to a network. It is divided into four sections, each represented by an octet, separated by periods. Therefore, the correct answer is 4.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE is the correct answer because it is a root key in the Windows Registry that contains configuration information for the local machine. During the boot process, the operating system uses this key to determine which device drivers and services should be loaded. It stores settings related to hardware, software, and system configuration, making it a crucial component in the boot process.

The major Department of Defense contribution to networking is the transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) suite. TCP/IP is a set of protocols that allows computers to communicate over a network. It provides a standardized way for data to be transmitted and received, ensuring that information can flow smoothly between different devices and networks. TCP/IP is the foundation of the internet and is used by virtually all modern computer networks.

The four basic functions of a bridge are listen, learn, filter, and forward. "Listen" refers to the bridge's ability to receive and process network traffic. "Learn" means that the bridge can analyze the traffic and build a table of MAC addresses and corresponding ports. "Filter" involves the bridge examining the destination MAC address of incoming traffic and deciding whether to forward it or not. Finally, "forward" refers to the bridge forwarding the traffic to the appropriate port based on the MAC address table it has learned.

The bridge in a network with the highest priority (the lowest number) is called the "root." This is because in a network, the root bridge is the central point that connects all other bridges and devices. It acts as the main reference point for determining the shortest path and forwarding network traffic efficiently. The root bridge is responsible for electing the designated ports on each bridge and ensuring that the network operates smoothly.

Static routing is the establishment of routes by the network administrator that changes only when done manually. In static routing, the network administrator manually configures the routes in the routing table of each network device. These routes remain unchanged until the administrator manually updates or modifies them. This type of routing is typically used in small networks or in situations where the network topology is stable and changes rarely occur. Unlike dynamic routing, static routing does not involve the use of routing protocols to dynamically learn and update routes based on network conditions.

Fiber optics have the principal advantages of sturdiness and security in present day transmission technology. The durability of fiber optic cables makes them resistant to physical damage, such as interference from weather conditions or electromagnetic interference. Additionally, fiber optics provide enhanced security as they are difficult to tap into or intercept, making them more secure for transmitting sensitive data.

Frame buffering refers to the process of temporarily holding data for processing to or from the network. This involves storing incoming data packets in a buffer before they are processed by the network interface card. Similarly, outgoing data packets are also stored in a buffer before being transmitted onto the network. Frame buffering helps in managing the flow of data between the network and the computer, ensuring smooth and efficient communication.

An intelligent hub refers to a type of hub that has special capabilities for configurations and management. Unlike passive hubs that simply transmit data to all connected devices, an intelligent hub can actively manage network traffic, monitor connections, and provide advanced features such as VLAN support, port mirroring, and quality of service (QoS) settings. This allows for better control and optimization of the network, making it a suitable choice for environments where more advanced management capabilities are required.

AFI 33-115 Volume 1 is the correct answer because it is an Air Force publication that specifically identifies responsibilities for supporting critical Air Force communications and information networks. It primarily does this through network control centers. AFPD 33-1 and AFPD 33-2 are not the correct answers as they do not focus on the responsibilities for supporting critical Air Force communications and information networks. Similarly, AFI 33-115 Volume 2 is not the correct answer as it does not specifically address the responsibilities for supporting critical Air Force communications and information networks.

As information passes down through the protocol layers, the packet that is formed is called a protocol data unit. This term refers to the data structure that contains both the data being transmitted and the necessary control information for the protocol to function properly. The protocol data unit is used to encapsulate and transport data across the network, ensuring that it is correctly received and interpreted by the receiving device.

In an Ethernet environment, the minimum number of octets in a frame that can be sent and received is 46. This is because the minimum Ethernet frame size is 64 octets, but this includes the preamble, start frame delimiter, and inter-frame gap. The actual data payload of the frame must be at least 46 octets to meet the minimum requirement for transmission and reception.

Distance vectoring is a dynamic routing protocol where packets must travel the complete distance before discovering that the destination is unreachable. In distance vectoring, routers exchange information about the network by sharing their routing tables with their neighboring routers. Each router calculates the distance and direction to reach a destination based on the information received from its neighbors. This process continues until the packets reach the destination or it is determined that the destination is unreachable. Unlike link state protocols, distance vectoring does not have complete knowledge of the entire network topology, which can lead to inefficient routing decisions.

Peer-to-peer network type normally utilizes non-dedicated servers. In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are considered equal and can act as both clients and servers. Each computer can share its resources, such as files and printers, with other computers on the network. Unlike client-server networks where there is a dedicated server that provides services to the clients, peer-to-peer networks distribute the workload among all connected computers, eliminating the need for dedicated servers. Therefore, peer-to-peer networks typically utilize non-dedicated servers.

eXternal Data Representation (XDR) makes it possible for implementers to produce new Network File System systems without having to reconstruct their own system's internal data representation formats to suit Network File System. XDR provides a standard format for data representation that can be used across different systems and platforms, allowing for seamless communication and interoperability between systems. This eliminates the need for implementers to manually convert their internal data representation formats, saving time and effort in the development process.

Auto negotiation is the technology that allows Network Interface Card (NIC) to determine the type of Ethernet signal transmitted by a device at the other end and adjust its speed to the highest common speed between the two devices. This technology enables devices to automatically negotiate and establish a compatible speed for communication, ensuring efficient and reliable data transmission between devices.

A station specifically sends a "solicit successor frame" when it sends a general request through the network asking any station to respond to receive the token.

A hub is a network component that serves as a central connecting point and is used to extend the physical media by repeating the signal it receives in one port out to all the other ports indiscriminately. Unlike a switch or a router, a hub does not have any intelligence to filter or direct network traffic. Instead, it simply broadcasts the incoming signal to all connected devices. This makes it a simple and inexpensive device for connecting multiple devices in a network, but it can also lead to network congestion and reduced performance.

Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) is a network topology that allows multiple transmit frames to co-exist. FDDI uses a dual ring topology, where data is transmitted in both directions simultaneously. This allows for high-speed and reliable communication between multiple devices on the network. The use of fiber optic cables in FDDI also ensures fast data transmission over long distances without any loss or interference. Therefore, FDDI is the correct answer for the given question.

A benchmark is a detailed analysis of the performance of a specific application or a specific network element. It involves measuring and evaluating the performance of the application or network element against a set of predefined criteria or standards. This analysis helps in assessing the performance, identifying areas of improvement, and comparing the performance with industry standards or competitors.

The correct answer is "transmit/receive". A network interface card (NIC) is responsible for driving signals onto and from the physical medium, allowing communication between devices. The transmit function of the NIC converts digital data into signals that can be sent over the physical medium, while the receive function converts received signals back into digital data. This process enables data transmission and reception between devices connected to the network.

A router performs the function of routing, which involves moving information from one router to another based on predetermined path determinations. Routing allows routers to determine the most efficient path for data to travel through a network, ensuring that information reaches its intended destination. This process involves analyzing network protocols, IP addresses, and other factors to make decisions about the best path for data transmission.

The correct answer is privileged exec level. The privileged exec level is a command mode in networking devices that allows access to all other command modes, including user exec level, console exec level, and global configuration level. It is the highest level of command mode and provides more advanced configuration and troubleshooting options.

The correct answer is "show running". In privileged exec mode, the "show running" command is used to view the current configuration of a router. This command displays the running configuration, which includes the current settings and parameters of the router. It provides a snapshot of how the router is currently configured and allows administrators to check and verify the configuration. The other options, "show router", "show config", and "show nvram" are not valid commands for viewing the current configuration.

The correct answer is "registry". The registry is the central repository for all software and hardware configuration settings in a computer running the Windows based NT operating system. It stores information about user preferences, system settings, installed applications, and hardware devices. The registry is organized into a hierarchical structure and can be accessed and modified using the Windows Registry Editor. It plays a crucial role in the functioning and customization of the Windows operating system.

The Unit functional systems administrator is responsible for the network area that starts at the user's terminal and ends at the server. They are in charge of managing and supporting the functional systems within this network, but they do not have responsibility for the network backbone infrastructure components. This means that they are not involved in the administration and control of the overall network infrastructure, but rather focus on the systems and services that directly impact the users and servers.

The backup copy of the Cisco Internet Operating System configuration information is stored in nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM). NVRAM is a type of memory that retains its data even when power is lost. This makes it an ideal location to store important configuration information that needs to be preserved in case of a power outage or device restart. Flash memory, random access memory (RAM), and read-only memory (ROM) are not suitable for storing backup configuration information as they either lose data when power is lost or are not easily writable.

AFI 33-115 Volume 2 is the correct answer because it provides the policy and procedures for certifying network professionals who manage and operate government-provided information systems on Air Force networks. AFPD 33-1 and AFPD 33-2 are Air Force policy directives that may provide broader guidance but do not specifically address the certification of network professionals. AFI 33-115 Volume 1 may provide some information on the topic but Volume 2 is the specific publication that focuses on the certification process.

Switching conducted at the layer 3 category is based upon the Media Access Control (MAC) and Internet Protocol (IP) address. Layer 3 switching involves routing packets between different networks based on the IP address. The MAC address is used at layer 2 for local network communication, while the IP address is used for routing between different networks. By considering both the MAC and IP address, layer 3 switching can efficiently route packets to their intended destinations across different networks.

A baseline is a set of statistical measurements made over a period of time that characterizes network performance. It serves as a reference point to compare and evaluate the performance of the network. By establishing a baseline, network administrators can identify deviations or changes in performance, allowing them to troubleshoot and optimize the network effectively.

X.500 is the correct answer because it is a directory services specification standard that defines the structure of a store-and-forward e-mail message handling system. X.25 is a packet-switched network protocol, X.50 is not a recognized protocol, and X.400 is a message handling system protocol but not specifically for directory services.

The data link layer in the OSI model adds a trailer to the packet. This layer is responsible for the reliable transmission of data between adjacent network nodes and ensures error-free communication over the physical layer. Adding a trailer to the packet allows for error detection and correction, ensuring the integrity of the data being transmitted.

Switching conducted at the layer 2 category is based solely upon the media access control address. The media access control (MAC) address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) by the manufacturer. It is used to identify devices on a local network and is essential for the switching process. Switches use the MAC address to determine the destination of a data packet and forward it to the appropriate port. This allows for efficient and accurate data transmission within a local network.

A router works at the network level of the OSI model. The network layer is responsible for routing packets across different networks, determining the best path for the data to reach its destination. Routers use IP addresses to make routing decisions and forward packets between networks. Therefore, the correct answer is network.

The correct answer is Internet protocol (IP). IP is the protocol of TCP/IP that provides a connectionless datagram "network access" layer. It is responsible for routing packets across different networks and does not establish a direct connection between sender and receiver. IP is used for addressing and routing packets, while TCP and UDP operate at the transport layer and provide reliable or unreliable delivery of data respectively. Network File System (NFS) is a file-sharing protocol and is not related to the network access layer.

A standard mask is used within a network that uses the same amount of bits for masking for all subnetworks. This means that the network is divided into subnetworks with equal sizes, and each subnetwork uses the same number of bits for subnet masking. This allows for consistent and uniform subnetting across the network.

Codecs are the communications devices used for converting analog signals to digital for transmission on digital lines. Codecs are responsible for encoding and decoding audio or video signals into a digital format that can be transmitted over digital lines. They compress the data to reduce bandwidth requirements and ensure efficient transmission. Therefore, codecs are essential in enabling the conversion and transmission of analog signals over digital lines.

The correct answer is "no shutdown". This command is used in the command interface configuration to activate an interface that has been administratively shut down. By entering this command, the interface is enabled and allowed to send and receive traffic.

AFPD 33-1 is the correct answer because it is the Air Force publication that specifically establishes policy on how C4 systems are acquired, operated, and maintained. The other options, AFPD 33-2, AFPD 33-202, and AFPD 33-204, may cover different topics or aspects of C4 systems, but they do not specifically address the policy for acquiring, operating, and maintaining these systems. Therefore, AFPD 33-1 is the most appropriate choice.

A router is the primary device used for connecting networks, both within and between networks. It is responsible for directing network traffic between different networks, ensuring that data packets are delivered to their intended destinations. Routers use routing tables to determine the best path for data transmission, based on factors such as network congestion and the shortest available route. They also provide security features like firewalls to protect networks from unauthorized access. Overall, routers play a crucial role in facilitating communication and data transfer between networks.

The routing metric that is generally based upon the bit-error rate of the link is reliability. Reliability refers to the probability that a link will not fail or introduce errors during data transmission. A lower bit-error rate indicates a higher level of reliability, making it a suitable metric for determining the quality and stability of a link for routing purposes.

The command "confreg" is used to change the bootup values within ROM monitor mode. This command allows the user to configure various settings related to the boot process, such as the boot device, boot image, and boot configuration register. By using the "confreg" command, the user can modify these settings and customize the bootup process according to their requirements.

A standard access list uses the source IP address to filter packets. It examines the source IP address of each packet and compares it to the criteria specified in the access list. If the source IP address matches the criteria, the packet is either allowed or denied based on the access list configuration. This allows network administrators to control access to the network based on the source IP address of incoming packets.

The function within the network control center that provides technical assistance to the unit functional system administrators and workgroup managers is network administration. This role is responsible for managing and maintaining the network infrastructure, ensuring its smooth operation, and providing support to the administrators and managers in resolving any technical issues or concerns they may have.

The most common method of defining Virtual local area network membership is through port grouping. This means that devices are assigned to specific ports on a switch, and those ports are then associated with a particular VLAN. By grouping devices based on the ports they are connected to, network administrators can easily control which devices belong to which VLANs, allowing for efficient network management and segmentation.

In the User Exec mode on a router, the prompt displayed is "Router>". This prompt indicates that the user is in the User Exec mode and can execute basic commands on the router.

A network management system is a type of server that is designed to improve network efficiency and productivity. It is a bundle of software that helps in monitoring and managing network resources, such as routers, switches, and servers. It provides tools and features that allow network administrators to monitor network performance, troubleshoot issues, and optimize network resources. By using a network management system, organizations can ensure that their networks are running smoothly and efficiently, leading to improved productivity and overall network performance.

The IEEE 802.5 standard was developed to cover the local area network topology known as token ring. In a token ring network, computers are connected in a ring configuration where data is transmitted in a sequential manner. Each computer has a unique token that allows it to transmit data when it receives the token. This ensures fair access to the network and prevents data collisions. The token ring topology was popular in the 1980s and 1990s but has since been largely replaced by Ethernet.

The banner motd command is used in global configuration mode. In this mode, the user can configure settings that apply to the entire system, such as global parameters and device-wide features. This is the mode where the user can define the Message of the Day (MOTD) banner, which is a customizable message that is displayed to users when they log in to the device.

The IEEE 802.3 standard describes a local area network using a bus topology. In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single cable called the bus. Data is transmitted in both directions on the bus, and all devices on the network can see and receive the transmitted data. This type of topology is simple and cost-effective, but it can be prone to collisions and network congestion.

Router access lists must be applied to interfaces. Access lists are used to control the flow of traffic in and out of a router. By applying access lists to interfaces, the router can filter and permit or deny specific types of traffic based on defined criteria. Applying access lists to ports, switches, or proxy servers would not have the same effect as these devices do not have the same level of control over traffic flow as a router's interfaces do.

Fault management is the correct answer because it refers to the function that increases network reliability by providing the network manager with tools to detect problems and initiate recovery procedures. This involves monitoring the network for any faults or errors, identifying the root cause of the issue, and taking necessary actions to resolve it. By effectively managing faults, network downtime can be minimized, ensuring the smooth operation of the network and improving its overall reliability.

Cut through switching is a type of switch that forwards network packets as soon as the destination address is determined, without waiting for the entire packet to be received. This type of switch offers low latency and high throughput, making it suitable for small workgroups where speed is important. However, it does not perform error checking or correction, so potential network errors will not be detected or corrected. Therefore, it is not recommended for networks where errors could disrupt the network.

To determine the level of network service provided to the users, measuring the rejection rate and availability of the network is important. The rejection rate indicates the number of requests that are denied or not processed by the network, which can be an indicator of the network's capacity or efficiency. Availability refers to the percentage of time that the network is operational and accessible to users. By considering both rejection rate and availability, one can assess the network's performance and its ability to handle user requests effectively. Average bandwidth alone does not provide a comprehensive understanding of the network service, and systems failure rate is not directly related to the level of network service provided.

Network management is the correct answer because it involves the monitoring and control of a network's performance and resources. This includes responding to security incidents, network faults, and user reported outages. Network management ensures that the network is running smoothly, and any issues are addressed promptly to minimize disruptions and maintain the network's functionality.

The transport layer of the OSI model is responsible for ensuring reliable and efficient communication between end systems. It prevents a fast computer from overwhelming a slow terminal by implementing flow control mechanisms. These mechanisms regulate the amount of data that can be sent from the fast computer to the slow terminal, preventing congestion and ensuring that the slow terminal can process the data at its own pace.

The physical layer is responsible for transmitting the completed frame in the OSI model. This layer is concerned with the physical transmission of data over the network, including the electrical, mechanical, and functional aspects of the physical connection. It takes the frame from the data link layer and converts it into a stream of bits that can be transmitted over the network medium. The physical layer does not perform any error checking or routing functions like the other layers, it simply transmits the data as it is received.

A bridge is a local area network connection device with two or more ports that forwards frames from one LAN segment to another. Unlike a hub, a bridge operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model and can filter and forward frames based on the MAC addresses. It helps to divide a network into smaller segments to improve performance and reduce network congestion.

A fragment free switch is a type of switch that reads the first 64 bytes of a frame before forwarding it. This type of switch is designed to prevent forwarding frames with errors or collisions, as it checks the first 64 bytes for any potential issues. By doing so, it helps to ensure the integrity and reliability of the forwarded frames.

The presentation layer of the OSI model is responsible for ensuring that data is properly formatted, encrypted, and decrypted for transmission between different systems. It handles tasks such as data compression, encryption, and decryption, as well as converting data from one format to another. While network security and file transfers can involve multiple layers of the OSI model, the presentation layer specifically deals with the formatting and security aspects of data transmission.

The most significant statistic to be collected and calculated in network performance is network availability. Network availability refers to the amount of time that a network is operational and accessible to users. It is a crucial metric as it indicates the reliability and uptime of the network. High network availability ensures that users can consistently access the network and perform their tasks without interruptions or downtime. Therefore, monitoring and measuring network availability is essential for maintaining a stable and efficient network infrastructure.

Network operating systems are implemented upon two types of environments: peer-to-peer and client-server. In a peer-to-peer network, all computers have equal roles and can act as both clients and servers. This type of network is commonly used in small-scale environments where there is no dedicated server. On the other hand, a client-server network has a dedicated server that provides services to client computers. The clients request resources or services from the server, which manages and controls the network. Both types of environments are commonly used in different network configurations depending on the scale and requirements of the system.

The data link layer of the Open Systems Interconnection reference model provides the grammar by which machines converse with each other and serves as a vehicle for information transmission. This layer is responsible for the reliable transmission of data frames between nodes on a network, ensuring error-free and efficient communication. It handles tasks such as framing, error detection and correction, flow control, and access control.

Configuration management is the correct answer because it refers to the function that is responsible for the distribution, maintenance, and update of network distribution and automated systems security and antivirus software. This function acts as the central point of contact for an Air Force Computer Emergency Response Team (AFCERT) and ensures that the network is properly configured and secured against potential threats.