Unit 10: Absolutism Test Review

Philip II of Spain is known for his strong and centralized rule, which marked a significant period in Spanish history. He took his responsibilities seriously, focusing on governance, religious unity, and expanding Spanish influence through military conquests. His reign saw the establishment of Spain as a dominant European power, exemplified by the defeat of the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Lepanto and the establishment of a vast colonial empire. His dedication to his role and his strategic political decisions contributed to his reputation as a successful monarch.

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, abdicated the throne in 1556. His decision was influenced by personal health issues and the immense pressures of ruling a vast empire that spanned Europe and the Americas. In his abdication, he divided his territories between his son, Philip II, and his brother, Ferdinand, ensuring a smooth transition of power while allowing himself to retire to a monastery. This marked a significant moment in European history, reflecting the challenges faced by monarchs in managing extensive realms.

Elizabeth I of England was a significant rival of Philip II of Spain, particularly during the late 16th century. Their rivalry was marked by political, religious, and military conflicts, most notably the Spanish Armada in 1588, where Elizabeth's forces successfully defended England against Philip's attempt to invade. Additionally, Elizabeth's support for Protestantism and her backing of Protestant rebels in the Spanish Netherlands further heightened tensions between the two monarchs, making her one of Philip's most formidable adversaries.

Huguenots were French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin in the 16th and 17th centuries. They faced severe persecution from the predominantly Catholic population and government, leading to significant conflicts, including the French Wars of Religion. The Edict of Nantes in 1598 granted them some rights, but it was revoked in 1685, prompting many Huguenots to flee France. Their legacy includes contributions to trade, industry, and culture, particularly in regions like the Americas and England, where they sought refuge from religious intolerance.

Henry IV was a Huguenot who became king of France in 1589. His ascent to the throne marked the end of the French Wars of Religion, as he was the first monarch from the House of Bourbon. To unify France and promote peace, he famously converted to Catholicism, stating, "Paris is worth a Mass." His reign is noted for significant reforms that improved the economy and established a degree of religious tolerance through the Edict of Nantes, which granted rights to Huguenots. This made him a pivotal figure in French history.

Cardinal Richelieu served as the chief minister to King Louis XIII of France and was a pivotal figure in shaping French policy during his reign. He centralized power, weakened the nobility, and strengthened the monarchy, effectively making him the decision-maker behind the throne. His diplomatic and military strategies laid the groundwork for France's emergence as a dominant European power. Richelieu's influence was so significant that he is often credited with establishing the modern state in France, making him the key decision-maker during Louis XIII's rule.

Louis XIV became King of France at the age of 5 after the death of his father, Louis XIII, in 1643. Although he was too young to govern, his reign would later become one of the longest in European history, lasting until 1715. Louis XIV is often referred to as the "Sun King" and is known for his centralization of power and the establishment of a strong absolute monarchy in France. His early ascension set the stage for his influential rule, shaping French history and culture for generations.

Louis XIV, known as the "Sun King," reigned as the King of France from 1643 to 1715. He earned this title due to his association with the sun as a symbol of absolute power and divine right. His reign is marked by the centralization of state power, the establishment of a strong monarchy, and significant cultural achievements, including the construction of the Palace of Versailles. In contrast, Henry VIII, Charles I, and Philip II are notable historical figures but are not linked to the title "Sun King."

Henry VIII established the Anglican Church in the 16th century after breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church. This schism was primarily driven by his desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which the Pope refused to sanction. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy declared Henry as the Supreme Head of the Church of England, allowing him to implement reforms and consolidate religious authority under the monarchy. This move not only altered the religious landscape of England but also marked the beginning of the English Reformation.

Elizabeth I is known for her effective collaboration with Parliament, particularly in matters of governance and legislation. Unlike her predecessors, she navigated political challenges adeptly, gaining support while maintaining her authority. Additionally, Elizabeth I famously died without an heir, leading to the end of the Tudor dynasty. Her reign is marked by the Elizabethan Era, characterized by cultural flourishing and relative stability, further highlighting her unique position in English history compared to other monarchs who had heirs or faced more direct conflicts with Parliament.

Louis XIV, known as the Sun King, epitomized absolute monarchy in France. He ruled from 1643 to 1715, centralizing power and diminishing the role of Parliament. His famous declaration, "L'état, c'est moi" (I am the state), reflects his belief in the divine right of kings and his authority over governance. Unlike his predecessors, he effectively sidelined parliamentary power, asserting control over state affairs and promoting a culture of royal absolutism that defined his reign. This approach allowed him to implement policies unilaterally, shaping France's political landscape significantly.

Elizabeth I is known for her strong will and determination to assert her authority, especially in the context of her tumultuous relationship with her father, Henry VIII. After his reign, she rose to power and became one of England's most iconic monarchs, successfully navigating political challenges and establishing her rule. Her ability to take control and lead the nation was a significant departure from her father's often tumultuous reign, showcasing her strength and independence as a ruler.

Oliver Cromwell was a military and political leader who played a crucial role in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell became the head of state and was titled "Lord Protector" of the Commonwealth of England. His leadership marked a significant shift from monarchy to a republican form of government, and he held power until his death in 1658. Unlike other figures listed, Cromwell's title specifically reflects his role in governing England during this turbulent period, making him the most appropriate answer.

The Prime Minister is the head of the cabinet and serves as the leader of the House of Commons in the United Kingdom. This role involves overseeing the executive branch of government, making policy decisions, and representing the government in legislative matters. The Prime Minister is typically the leader of the political party that has the most seats in the House of Commons, making them a crucial figure in both governance and parliamentary procedures. Other figures like Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIV, and Charles I do not fit this specific role within the UK government structure.

The Edict of Nantes, issued in 1598 by King Henry IV of France, was a significant law that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots, or French Protestants. It aimed to promote civil peace and coexistence between Catholics and Protestants in a time of religious conflict. By allowing Huguenots to practice their faith openly and providing them with certain rights, the edict helped to stabilize France and marked a crucial step towards religious tolerance in Europe.

The English Civil War (1642-1651) was pivotal in shaping the political landscape of England. It resulted in the overthrow of King Charles I and the temporary establishment of a republican government. The conflict ultimately led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which solidified the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. This shift ensured that the monarchy's powers were limited by law and that Parliament gained significant authority, laying the groundwork for modern democratic governance in England.