World History B Final - European Absolute Monarchy

An absolute monarchy is a type of government where a king or queen holds all power and their goal is to control every aspect of society. In this form of government, the monarch has complete authority and there are no checks or balances on their power. They have the final say in all matters and can make decisions without any input from the people. The monarch's rule is often hereditary, meaning it is passed down through generations within a royal family. This type of government is characterized by a centralized and authoritarian rule, with the monarch having ultimate control over the government, economy, and society as a whole.

Versailles was located in France and it was inhabited by Louis XIV.

The English Civil War was a conflict between Charles I, the king of England, and Parliament. It lasted from 1642 to 1651 and was primarily fought over the powers and rights of the monarchy versus those of Parliament. Charles I believed in the divine right of kings and sought to rule without the interference of Parliament. However, Parliament saw this as a threat to their authority and sought to limit the king's powers. The war ended with the defeat of Charles I and ultimately led to the establishment of a republican government in England.

The concept of Divine Right is the idea that a ruler is chosen by God, giving them the authority to rule with absolute power. This belief allowed for the establishment of absolute monarchies, where the ruler's power was not limited by any other governing body or institution. The ruler's authority was seen as being directly bestowed upon them by a higher power, legitimizing their absolute rule. This concept was often used to justify the ruler's actions and maintain control over their subjects.

The Edict of Nantes was a political document created by King Henry II of France to establish religious tolerance for the Huguenots (Protestants) in France. This document aimed to bring an end to the religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the country. However, King Louis XIV later canceled the Edict of Nantes, leading to increased persecution of the Huguenots and the revocation of their rights and privileges.

The phrase "L'etat, c'est moi" translates to "I am the state" in English. This statement is attributed to King Louis XIV of France, who believed that he personified the state and held absolute power. By declaring "I am the state," Louis XIV was asserting his authority and claiming that he and the state were one and the same. This phrase reflects the monarch's belief in his divine right to rule and his centralized control over all aspects of governance in France.

During the English Civil War, the group that "backed" Parliament was known as the Roundheads. They were supporters of the Parliamentarians and were mainly composed of Puritans, landowners, and the middle class. The Roundheads were led by Oliver Cromwell and fought against the Royalists, who supported King Charles I. The name "Roundheads" was derived from their distinctive short haircuts, which contrasted with the long, flowing hairstyles of the Royalists. The Roundheads ultimately emerged victorious, leading to the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England under Cromwell's leadership.

The group that "backed" Charles I in the English Civil War was called the Royalists. They were loyal supporters of the king and fought on his side against the Parliamentarians, who were known as the Roundheads. The Royalists believed in the divine right of kings and sought to preserve the monarchy's power and authority. Despite their efforts, Charles I was eventually defeated by the Parliamentarians, leading to his execution and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.

Oliver Cromwell's significance lies in the fact that he controlled the Parliament army that defeated King Charles I. This victory led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England, with Cromwell serving as its de facto ruler. Cromwell's leadership in the English Civil War and his subsequent role as Lord Protector had a profound impact on English history, marking a shift towards republican government and religious tolerance.

When William and Mary came into power, England's government transitioned into a constitutional monarchy. This means that while the monarch still held a position of power, their authority was limited by a constitution. The constitution established a system of checks and balances, dividing power between the monarchy and other branches of government. This allowed for a more balanced and democratic form of governance compared to an absolute monarchy, where the monarch has unlimited power.

The English Bill of Rights was a document that William and Mary had to sign in order to grant more equal rights to the people. This document established important principles such as the right to petition the government, the right to bear arms, and the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. It also limited the powers of the monarchy and reinforced the idea of a constitutional monarchy in England. Overall, the English Bill of Rights aimed to protect the rights and liberties of the people and ensure a more balanced distribution of power.

El Escorial was a palace and monastery located in Spain. It was built by King Phillip II of Spain. The correct answer states that El Escorial was in Spain and Phillip II lived in it, which is accurate.

Phillip II was a ruler who was known for being a deeply religious Catholic and for his actions against the Dutch, such as raising taxes. He also had a desire to marry Mary in order to become the King of England.

After the death of Oliver Cromwell, there was no immediate replacement for him. Instead, there was a period of political instability known as the Interregnum. It was only after this period that Charles II, the son of Charles I, was called back to England to restore the monarchy, marking the beginning of the Restoration. Therefore, the correct answer is Charles II.

During his rule over England, Charles I dismissed and brought back Parliament multiple times, forced Catholicism onto others under his rule, and was hated and eventually executed by the people. However, he did not sign and follow the "Petition of Right," which was a document that limited the king's power and protected the rights and liberties of the people. The "Petition of Right" was passed by Parliament in 1628, but Charles I refused to fully abide by its terms, leading to further tensions between the king and Parliament.

After the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan, came into power and tried to reform society to be more moral. He implemented strict laws, which made many people unhappy. However, his rule became increasingly authoritarian and oppressive, leading to dissatisfaction among the population. Eventually, due to his strong rule, he was replaced with a regular monarch.