Fundamentals of Physical Science: Physics and Chemistry Midterm Review

In this question, the correct answer is 'model', which is used to represent an idea or object to aid in understanding. A 'sketch' is a rough drawing or outline, 'prototype' is a preliminary model of something, and a 'simile' is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things using 'like' or 'as'.

The SI base unit of length is the meter. It is defined as the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.

A hypothesis is an educated guess that can be tested through experimentation to determine its validity. The other options do not specifically refer to a testable prediction or explanation.

In a controlled experiment, the independent variable is the factor being manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is the factor being measured in response to the manipulation.

In physics, a force is defined as the interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.

Both hypotheses and theories are used in the scientific method to explain natural phenomena through observation, experimentation, and analysis. They are not proven facts, but rather explanations that can be tested and refined based on evidence.

An experiment is a controlled procedure carried out to test a hypothesis. It involves systematically testing a hypothesis to determine if it is supported or refuted by the evidence gathered.

In an experiment, the independent variable is the one that is deliberately changed by the scientist to observe how it affects the dependent variable. The dependent variable is then measured or observed to see the effects of the independent variable. Control variables are kept constant to ensure that only the independent variable is affecting the results, while random variables are outside factors that may impact the experiment unpredictably.

The correct term for any change over time is 'rate', which encompasses various measures such as speed, growth rate, etc. The other options provided are not as comprehensive or accurate in describing change over time.

Average speed is determined by dividing the total distance traveled by the total time taken.

The net force is calculated by summing up all the individual forces acting on an object.

Inertia is the property of matter that measures its resistance to changes in motion. Gravity is the force of attraction between objects with mass. Friction is the force that opposes motion. Velocity is the speed and direction of an object's motion.

Instantaneous speed refers to the speed of an object at a specific point in time, as opposed to average speed which is calculated over a longer period. Constant speed implies no change in speed, while maximum speed refers to the highest speed achieved by an object.

To calculate the distance traveled in a straight line, you need to calculate the difference between the final position and the starting position. Subtraction is used to determine the distance traveled.

In physics, the distance between an object and a reference point is defined as the object's position. It refers to the location of the object in relation to the chosen reference point.

Motion is the change in position of an object over time, not its size, color, or shape.

According to Newton's second law of motion, acceleration is directly proportional to force applied, hence when force is increased, acceleration also increases.

In science, a theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method and is repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation. Theories are supported by a large body of evidence.

Bias can lead a scientist to interpret results in a way that aligns with their expectations or beliefs, distorting the true findings of the experiment.

Acceleration is defined as the rate at which an object changes its velocity. It is calculated by dividing the change in velocity by the time it takes for the change to occur. Momentum is not directly related to the time factor. Force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Speed is the rate at which an object covers distance.

When astronauts are in orbit, they experience weightlessness due to being in a state of constant free fall towards the Earth. This gives the illusion of 'losing weight' as they are essentially floating in space.

In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of distance is represented by the meter, not by gram, liter, or second.

Friction is the force that resists the motion of an object when in contact with another object or surface. A car rolling to a stop at a traffic light experiences friction between its tires and the road surface, causing it to slow down.

Newton's third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. This means that whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object.

Technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes in order to improve the quality of life. Engineering, medicine, and art also involve elements of science and creativity but do not specifically focus on technology as a means to help people.

Displacement is a vector quantity that represents the straight line distance between two points in a specific direction. It considers both the distance and direction traveled, unlike distance which only accounts for the length of the path taken. Velocity and speed are both scalar quantities that describe the rate of motion, but they do not directly encapsulate the concept of displacement.

Earthquakes are primarily caused by changes and movements in the lithosphere, the outermost layer of the Earth's surface where tectonic plates are located.

Velocity is a vector quantity that includes both speed and direction. Acceleration refers to the rate of change of velocity. Distance is simply the amount of ground covered by an object. Momentum is a vector quantity defined as the product of an object's mass and its velocity.

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time. In the correct answer, riding a bike at a constant speed does not involve any change in velocity, therefore, it is not an acceleration. The incorrect answers involve changes in velocity due to forces acting on the object.