Nervous System & Special Senses

Sensory Input refers to the process of gathering information from the surroundings, sending it to the brain for integration, and monitoring changes in and out of the body. Motor Output, Digestion, and Respiration are not directly involved in this process.

Effectors are parts of the body that respond to signals from the nervous system to produce a specific response. In this case, muscles, glands, and organs are the correct effectors as they can contract, secrete substances, or perform specific functions in response to stimuli.

Integration involves the processing of sensory input to determine if any action needs to be taken, whereas sensation refers to the detection of stimuli, perception involves the organization and interpretation of sensory information, and reaction involves the response to a stimulus.

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and transmitting information throughout the body.

The Somatic Nervous System is responsible for voluntary control over skeletal muscles.

The Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two branches, the Sympathetic branch which activates the 'fight or flight' response, and the Parasympathetic branch which promotes the 'rest and digest' response.

Capillaries, with their small size and extensive network, are the primary vessels responsible for diffusing nutrients and oxygen throughout the body's central nervous system. Nerves are responsible for transmitting signals, arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, and veins carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart.

Neuroglia, also known as glial cells, are the primary support cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, forming myelin, and supporting and protecting neurons in the brain.

Schwann Cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system while Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, and Microglia have different functions in the nervous system.

A nucleus is a compact cluster of neurons, responsible for transmitting signals within the brain. Synapse, axon, and dendrite are also parts of neurons but do not specifically refer to a compact cluster.

Neuron anatomy consists of specific structures such as Nissl Substance, Neurofibrils, nucleus, and large nucleolus. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately reflect attributes of Neuron Anatomy.

Sensory input is considered afferent because it involves the transmission of information from sensory receptors towards the central nervous system, in contrast to efferent pathways which transmit information away from the central nervous system.

Motor output typically sends signals to effectors, such as muscles or glands, to produce a response.

Motor Output is the term used to describe the response to integrated stimuli where the response activates muscles or glands. It is the final stage in the process of information processing in the nervous system.

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of the nerves outside the Central Nervous System (CNS) and connects the CNS to the limbs and organs.

Sensory (afferent) nerve fibers carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS), while motor (efferent) nerve fibers carry information away from the CNS to muscles and glands. Mixed nerve fibers contain both sensory and motor fibers, and autonomic nerve fibers control involuntary bodily functions.

Motor nerve fibers carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles to produce movement. Sensory nerve fibers, on the other hand, carry information from the sensory organs to the brain. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system responsible for regulating internal organs and involuntary functions.

The somatic and autonomic divisions of the nervous system are both part of the motor division, which controls voluntary and involuntary movements.

The Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat (cardiac muscle) and peristalsis of the digestive system (smooth muscle).

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response, which prepares the body for action during stressful situations. The other options do not specifically activate the body in response to stress or extreme situations like the sympathetic nervous system does.

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for controlling rest and digestion functions, helping the body to conserve energy and maintain homeostasis.

Astrocytes are star-shaped CNS support cells that play a crucial role in maintaining the chemical environment of the brain by removing excess neurotransmitters and ions. Microglia are responsible for immune responses in the brain, while Oligodendrocytes are involved in producing myelin. Ependymal cells produce cerebrospinal fluid and line the brain's ventricles.

Astrocytes form a barrier known as the blood-brain barrier between capillaries and neurons in the CNS, providing support to cells. Oligodendrocytes play a role in producing myelin, Microglia are responsible for immune responses in the CNS, and Ependymal cells line the brain's ventricles and central canal.

Microglia are specialized phagocytic cells in the central nervous system that play a key role in clearing cellular debris and providing support.

Ependymal cells are a type of glial cells that form the epithelial-like membrane lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They are responsible for circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the central nervous system.

The Choroid Plexus is a structure that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and consists of modified ependymal cells. It is located in the brain's epithalamus region. The Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, and Hypothalamus are not directly involved in producing CSF.

Oligodendrocytes are responsible for producing the myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS), while Schwann cells perform a similar function but in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Astrocytes and microglia are other types of cells found in the CNS with different functions.

The fat surrounding nerve fibers, known as myelin, acts as an insulator allowing for faster transmission of nerve impulses. This insulation helps in preventing signal loss and speeding up the conduction of electrical impulses along the nerve fibers.

Ribosomes are the specialized rough ER site responsible for protein synthesis. They are the organelles where mRNA is translated into proteins.

The cytoskeleton is responsible for maintaining the cell's shape and providing mechanical support. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, and endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.